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Chemistry > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rate =

A

Change in quantity / time

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2
Q

Cross practical

A
  • react hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate in a conical flask sitting on some paper with a cross
  • product formed will turn solution cloudy- it’ll increase the turbidity
  • stop timer when you can no longer see the cross
  • repeat for a range of different temperatures
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3
Q

How can rate of reaction be measured?

A

Measure volume of gas produced by attaching a gas syringe to reaction vessel

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4
Q

What does the rate of reaction graph look like

A

Time on x, quantity on y
Steep then levels out, showing reaction has finished

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5
Q

How can rate of reaction be INCREASED

A
  • increase surface area
  • increase pressure
  • increase concentration
    — all because particles collide more frequently
  • increase temperature
    — particles move faster, so collide more frequently with sufficient energy
  • add a catalyst
    — reduces activation energy, provides an alternative reaction pathway
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6
Q

Equilibrium

A

Both forward and backwards reactions happen at the same rate, and the concentrations stay the same

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7
Q

How does an increase in pressure or concentration effect equilibrium?

A

Reaction favours the side with the fewest molecules

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8
Q

How does removing a product from one side effect rate of equilibrium?

A

Reaction shifts towards the one lost (ie removing ammonia results in more ammonia being made)

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9
Q

How does an increase temperature effect equilibrium

A

Favours the endothermic side

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10
Q

How does an decrease temperature effect equilibrium

A

Favours the exothermic side

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11
Q

Le chateliers principal

A

If a system at equilibrium is subject to a change, the system will work to counteract the change

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12
Q

How is crude oil made and what does it consist of

A
  • plankton buried underwater and compressed for a long time
  • hydrocarbons
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13
Q

Describe alkanes

A

CnH2n+2
Saturated- consists of only single covalent bonded carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A
  • hydrocarbons are evaporated and rise up the fractionating column where they recondense at different heights
  • longer alkanes have higher boiling points so recondense lower
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15
Q

As you go up the fractionating column, what happens to temperature?

A

It gets colderb

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16
Q

What is produced at each fraction? (Shortest to longest alkane chains)

A

LPG, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, bitumen

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17
Q

What is produced from complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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18
Q

Products of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide/ carbon and water

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19
Q

Do longer/shorter alkanes have a higher viscosity?

A

Longer

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20
Q

Are longer/shorter alkanes more flammable

A

Shorterb

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21
Q

What can hydrocarbons be used to make?

A

Solvents, lubricants, detergents, polymers

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22
Q

What can polymers be made from

A

Alkenes

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23
Q

Describe alkenes

A

Unsaturated- have at least 1 double bond
CnH2n

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24
Q

Test for alkenes

A

Turns bromine water orange- colourless

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25
Q

Water can react with an alkene to make

A

An alcohol

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26
Q

When bromine reacts with an alkene, what’s broken?

A

Double bond

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27
Q

The demand for __ alkanes is higher than that for ___

A

Shorter, longer

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28
Q

What is cracking used for

A

To break longer alkanes into a shorter alkane and an alkene

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29
Q

Conditions for steam cracking

A

No catalyst, temperature higher than 800°C

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30
Q

Conditions for catalytic cracking

A

Zeolite catalyst
550°C

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31
Q

Functional group for alcohol

A

OH

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32
Q

Functional group for carboxylic acid

A

COOH

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33
Q

Ethanol + sodium –

A

Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

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34
Q

Alcohols can produce a solution with water, but that’s a problem with this?

A

It gets harder as alcohols get longer

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35
Q

An alcohol can be oxidised to form what?

A

A carboxylic acid

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36
Q

Polymers

A

Long chained organic molecules of repeating sequences, made from monomers

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37
Q

How does addition polymerisation work?

A

Monomers joined together must contain a double bond, which is then broken in order to produce a single bond which then bonds to the next monomer

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38
Q

What does ethene become by addition polymerisation?

A

Polyethene

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39
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Polymerisation of different monomers that have different functional groups on the ends

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40
Q

Reacting an alcohol and carboxylic acid does what?

A

Makes a polyester and small molecule (water)

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41
Q

Amino functional group

A

NH2

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42
Q

What do amino acids contain

A

An amino group and a carboxyl group

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43
Q

Amino acids can be polymerised to make

A

Polypeptides and proteins

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44
Q

What’s DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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45
Q

What are the monomers called that make up the polymer strands in DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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46
Q

Starch is a polymer of

A

Glucose

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47
Q

Starch is a polymer of

A

Beta- glucose

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48
Q

How can you identify pure substances?

A

They have very specific melting/boiling points

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49
Q

Formulations

A

Mixtures of certain quantities of substances designed to fulfill a specific purpose

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50
Q

Examples of formulations

A

Paints
Fuels
Alloys
Fertilisers

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51
Q

Chromatography

A

Separating a mixture to identify whether its pure or not, and what it’s made of

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52
Q

Mobile phase

A

Solvent - pulls substances in the mixture upwards with lighter particles being moved further up

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53
Q

Stationary phase

A

Chromatography paper or filter paper

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54
Q

Why do we draw the line with a pencil in chromatography?

A

It won’t separate or travel up the paper

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55
Q

Rf value

A

Distance travelled by substance // distance travelled by solvent

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56
Q

How many spots will a pure substance produce

A

1

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57
Q

How many spots will an impure substance produce

A

2 or more

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58
Q

Test for hydrogen

A

Lit splint produces a squeaky pop

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59
Q

Test for oxygen

A

Glowing splint relights

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60
Q

Test for carbon dioxide

A

Limewater turns clear - cloudy when gas is bubbled through it

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61
Q

Test for chlorine

A

Bleaches blue litmus paper white

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62
Q

Flame test for lithium

A

Crimson

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63
Q

Flame test for sodium

64
Q

Flame test for potassium

65
Q

Flame test for calcium

A

Orange - red

66
Q

Flame test for copper

67
Q

Format of ionic equation in testing for metals

A

Metal + hydroxide – metal hydroxide
Cu2+ + 2OH- — Cu(OH)2

68
Q

Test for metal using sodium hydroxide: aluminium

A

White precipitate, dissolves with excess NaOH

69
Q

Test for metal using sodium hydroxide: calcium

A

White precipitate, dissolves with excess NaOH

70
Q

Test for metal using sodium hydroxide: magnesium

A

White precipitate, dissolves with excess NaOH

71
Q

Test for metal using sodium hydroxide: copper (II)

A

Blue precipitate

72
Q

Test for metal using sodium hydroxide: iron (II)

A

Green precipitate

73
Q

Test for metal using sodium hydroxide: iron (III)

A

Brown precipitate

74
Q

Haber process

A
  • nitrogen and hydrogen are pumped through pipes
  • the pressure of the mixture of gases is increased to 200
    atmospheres
  • the pressurised gases are heated to 450°C and passed through a tank containing an iron catalyst
  • the reaction mixture is cooled so that ammonia liquefies and can be removed
  • unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled
75
Q

Carbonates react with acid to produce

A

Carbon dioxide

76
Q

Halide ions will produce a precipitate when mixed with what

A

Silver nitrate and nitric acid

77
Q

When mixed with silver nitrate and nitric acid, what colour do chloride ions turn?

78
Q

When mixed with silver nitrate and nitric acid, what colour do bromide ions turn?

79
Q

When mixed with silver nitrate and nitric acid, what colour do iodide ions turn?

80
Q

Sulphate ions produce a white precipitate when mixed with what

A

Barium chloride and hydrochloric acids

81
Q

What are sophisticated instruments like and what can they do?

A
  • accurate, sensitive, rapid
  • they can analyse substances effectively
82
Q

What is flame emission spectroscopy?

A

Analysing wavelengths of light emitted from a flame; which can accurately identify ions

83
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

Water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide

84
Q

Global warming

A

A rise in global temperatures

85
Q

Carbon footprint

A

Measure of how much CO2 is released into the atmosphere over an organisms life

86
Q

How is carbon monoxide damaging to organisms?

A

Binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing oxygen they transport around the body
It’s odourless and colourless

87
Q

How does sulfur dioxide harm organisms

A

Causes acid rain, which corrodes metals and erodes stone

88
Q

How is nitrogen oxide harmful to organisms

A

Respiratory problems

89
Q

How is soot/carbon particles harmful to organisms?

A

Causes health issues

90
Q

What are resources needed for?

A

Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport

91
Q

What are examples of resources?

A

Food
Wood
Fuel
Materials

92
Q

We supplement resources through agriculture, but are trying to replace them with…

A

Synthetic materials

93
Q

Sustainability

A

Using natural materials that fulfill our needs, but in a way that future generations can also fulfill theirs

94
Q

Potable water

A

Water that is drinkable as it has low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

95
Q

How is potable water produced?

A
  • obtained from freshwater source
  • passed through a filter bed to remove large insoluble particles
  • sterilised to kill microbes using chlorine, ozone or UV
96
Q

Desalination

A

Removal of salt from seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis- both of which require lots of energy

97
Q

Where does waste water come from?

A

Toilets
Industrial processes

98
Q

What must be removed before waste water is released back into the environment?

A

Harmful chemicals

99
Q

Describe the process of treating waste water

A
  • screened and grit is removed
  • sedimentation
  • liquid effluent treated aerobically and sludge treated anaerobically
100
Q

How are most metals obtained?

A

By their ore, which is mined from the ground

101
Q

How are pure metals obtained?

A

By electrolysis or displacement reaction from the ore

102
Q

Phytomining

A

Plants absorb copper ions into their roots so the plants are burned and copper is obtained from ash

103
Q

Bioleaching

A

Bacteria produce leachate solutions containing copper ions that can be extracted

104
Q

Disadvantage of phytomining and bioleaching?

A

Very low yields

105
Q

Why is a life cycle assessment carried out?

A

To predict impact of a new product in the environment

106
Q

What is considered as part of the LCA?

A
  • extraction of raw materials
  • manufacturing/ packaging
  • use over its lifetime
  • disposal
  • transportation
107
Q

How can we reduce our impact?

A
  • using products less
  • reducing materials and energy needed to make things
  • recycling
108
Q

Corrosion

A

Destruction of metals over time due to chemical reactions

109
Q

Iron and steel rusts when it corrodes due to

A

Reactions with oxygen AND water

110
Q

Copper corrodes when

A

It reacts with oxygen, making green copper oxide

111
Q

Sacrificial protection

A

Covering metals with other materials that will corrode before metals underneath- these can then be replaced

112
Q

Galvanising

A

Covering another metal with zinc in order to prevent rust

113
Q

What’s bronze an alloy of?

A

Copper and tin

114
Q

What’s brass an alloy of?

A

Copper and zinc

115
Q

What’s gold jewellery an alloy of?

A

Gold, silver, copper, zinc

116
Q

What’s steel an alloy of?

A

Iron and carbon

117
Q

What’s stainless steel an alloy of?

A

Steel and chromium/ nickel

118
Q

What’s aluminium used to make?

A

Low density/light alloys

119
Q

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

A

Different size atoms disrupting the lattice so layers cannot slide over each other

120
Q

Does soda lime glass or borosilicate glass have the higher melting point?

A

Borosilicate

121
Q

How is soda lime glass made?

A

Heating sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

122
Q

How is borosilicate glass made?

A

Heating sand and boron trioxide

123
Q

How is pottery made?

A

Heating shaped clay in a furnace

124
Q

Composites

A

Combination of 2 materials with one binding to the other, making strong, light materialsb

125
Q

HDPE

A

High density polyethene

126
Q

LDPE

A

Low density polyethene

127
Q

Thermosoftening polymers ___ when heated

128
Q

Thermosetting polymers ___ when heated

A

Don’t melt, because of cross links between polymers, which increase attractive forces between layers

129
Q

What is the equation for the haber process?

A

N2 + 3H2<–> 2NH3

130
Q

Where does nitrogen for the haber process come from?

131
Q

Where does hydrogen for the haber process come from?

A

Natural gases

132
Q

Why is a compromise temperature used in the haber process?

A

High temp increases rate of reaction, but also favours the backwards reaction, making less ammonia

133
Q

Why is a compromise temperature important?

A

It maximises yield of ammonia produced while also ensuring reaction happens at a reasonable rate

134
Q

What are NPK fertilisers made from?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

135
Q

Ammonia is used to make

A

Ammonium salts

136
Q

Potassium chloride and potassium sulphate are obtained by

137
Q

Phosphate rock is mined then ___ before it’s added to fertiliser

A

Treated with acid

138
Q

How is fresh water treated?

A
  1. Filter out debris, let large dirt settle to bottom
  2. Sterilise with chlorine, ozone of UV
139
Q

How is salt water treated?

A
  1. Filter out large objects
  2. Desalinate by high temperature distillation or high pressure reverse osmosis
140
Q

How is sewage water treated?

A
  1. Filter out debris
  2. Sedimentation produces liquid effluent and solid sludge which sinks
  3. Sludge treated anaerobically and effluent treated aerobically
141
Q

Ammonia + nitric acid

A

Ammonium nitrate

142
Q

Ammonia + sulfuric acid

A

Ammonium sulfate

143
Q

Ammonia + phosphoric acid

A

Ammonium phosphate

144
Q

Phosphate rock + nitric acid, and then ammonia

A

Ammonium phosphate

145
Q

Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid

A

Calcium phosphate + calcium sulfate

146
Q

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

A

Calcium phosphate

147
Q

HDPE

A

Formed at lower pressure with a catalyst
Polymer chains are regular lines that pack closely together
Stronger heavier polymer formed
Used in pipes, plastic plates

148
Q

LDPE

A

Made at high pressure
Polymer chains form fast and randomly creating lots of side branches
Prevents individual poly chains packing closely together
Used for carrier bags

149
Q

Combustion of alcoholsb

A
  • burn cleanly
  • burn with a clear blue flame and little smoke
150
Q

How are alcohols formed

A

Fermentation of sugar
Needs yeast
35-40°

151
Q

Functional group of esters

152
Q

How did oxygen in the atmosphere increase?

A
  • photosynthetic bacteria photosynthesised using carbon dioxide and water
  • algae evolved into plants which, as they got bigger, photosynthesised more, producing more oxygen
153
Q

How did carbon dioxide decrease in thr atmosphere?

A
  • dissolved in oceans
  • used by plants to grow stems, leaves etc
  • used by animals to make shells and bones
154
Q

How dis nitrogen increase in the atmosphere?

A
  • produced in small amounts by volcanoes
  • volcanoes produced ammonia which reacted with oxygen to form nitrogen and water
  • unreactive so accumulated in atmosphere over many years
155
Q

How greenhouse effect works:

A
  1. Short wave UV energy comes from sun
  2. Some is reflected
  3. Some is absorbed on earth’s surface, loses a bit of energy and is re-emitted as longwave IR, and some IR radiation hits a greenhouse gas
  4. Greenhouse gases absorb energy from longwave radiation
  5. This heats up the earth

Chemistry (11 decks)

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