paper 2 Flashcards
socio cultural influences
1
Q
what is skill
A
a learned action
2
Q
what is ability
A
inherited traits that determine the potential to learn a skill
3
Q
what are the classifications of skill
A
- basic v complex
- open v closed
- self paced v externally paced
- gross v fine
4
Q
what is a basic skill
A
- form the foundation of more complex skills
- not complicated movements
- running, throwing
- generic
5
Q
what is a complex skill
A
- high levels of coordination and control
- sport specific
- serving in tennis
- more difficult
6
Q
what is a closed skill
A
- not affected by the environment
- self paced
- same technique each time
- gymnastic floor routing
7
Q
what is an open skill
A
- affected by environment
- perceptual and externally paced
- adapt skills to a changing environment
- passing in frisbee
8
Q
what is a self paced skill
A
- controlled by performer (timings)
- when to execute the skill
- throwing a javelin
9
Q
what is an externally paced skill
A
- controlled by environment
- involve decision and reaction
- goalie saving a shot
10
Q
what is a gross skill
A
- large muscle movements
- not precise
- rugby tackle
11
Q
what is a fine skill
A
- precise movements
- small muscle groups
- high levels of hand eye coordination
- throwing a dart
12
Q
what is a performance goal
A
- focus on an aspect of performance theyre in control of
- doesnt focus on the result (winning/losing)
- no social comparison
- sprinter beating pb
13
Q
whats an outcome goal
A
- focus on end result
- ## focus on big picture
14
Q
why do beginners prefer to avoid outcome goals
A
failure can be demotivating / winning may be unrealistic
15
Q
what is SMART targets
A
Specific
Measurable
Accepted
Realistic
Timebound
16
Q
what is the basic information processing model
A
input -> decision making -> output -> feedback
17
Q
what is input
A
information from the display (senses), selective attention
18
Q
what is decision making
A
selection of appropriate response from memory. The role of long term and short term memory.
19
Q
what is output
A
information sent to muscles to carry out the response
20
Q
what is feedback
A
received via self (intrinsic) and/or others (extrinsic).
21
Q
what is intrinsic feedback
A
- via self
- felt by performer as they execute a skill
22
Q
what is extrinsic feedback
A
- provided by external sources
23
Q
what is visual guidance
A
- demonstration, observation, videos and images
- helps early stages of learning
24
Q
what is verbal guidance
A
- after performance
- given by an observer
- questioning, coaching points, feedback
- specific and accurate
- know specific terminology
25
what is manual guidance
- when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach
- example: coach supporting a gymnast doing a handstand
- given during practice
26
what is mechanical guidance
- a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer learn and practise a skill
- generally used at the early stages of learning
- develop the feeling of the full movement of the skill
- allows learner to gain confidence
- example: float in swimming to develop leg action
27
positive feedback
- experienced when a performance achieves the intended outcome. - example: rugby player passes a ball, receive positive feedback when the receiver catches their pass
28
negative feedback
- when a performer does not achieve the intended outcome.
- example: a netball player shoots and misses, the player receives negative feedback
- encourages the shooter to adjust their technique in future shots.
29
how to utilise negative and positive feedback
to judge the performance as well as the outcome
30
advantages of intrinsic feedback
- Helps to focus on the feel of a skill
- Helps performers to solve problems themselves
- Helps to develop skills independently
- Gives performers more time to practise
31
Advantages of extrinsic feedback
- provides new or additional guidance
- helps performers to identify problems
- Offers solutions to problems
32
what feedback would beginners prefer
extrinsic
33
what feedback would an elite prefer
intrinsic to refine performance
34
what is arousal
physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/readiness,
35
how do optimal arousal levels vary according to the skill being performed
high intensity contact sports have higher optimal arousal level than low intensitiy non contact sport
36
example of a skill that requires low arousal
darts, archery, snooker
37
example of a skill in sport that requires high arousal
rugby tackle
38
what arousal would gross skills need?
high level
39
what arousal would fine skills need
low arousal
40
how can arousal be controlled using stress management techniques before a performance
deep breathing, mental rehearsal, positive self talk
41
what is direct agression
deliberate physical contact between participants
42
indirect aggression
does not involve physical contact
43
example of indirect aggression
hitting a tennis ball hard during a rally
44
example of direct agression
foul from behind in footbal, too high tackle in rugby
45
characteristics of introvert
shy, thoughtful, enjoy being on their own
46
examples of sport for introvert
individual sports - fine skill required, low arousal
47
characteristics of an extrovert
enjoy interaction, socialable, enthusiastic, prone to boredome when isolated
48
sports for an extrovert
team sports - fast pace, low concentration, gross skills
49
intrinsic motivation
for pride/self satisfaction/personal achievement
50
extrinsic motivation
from another source/person
* tangible – certificates/trophies, medals
* intangible – praise/feedback/applause.
51
intrinsic is generally more.....
effective
52
what can an overuse of extrinsic lead to
undermining the strength of intrinsic,
rely on extrinsic
53
what is intrinsic most likely to lead to
continued effort and participation
54
what may extrinsic rewards result in
feelings of pride/ self-satisfaction
55
what is participation in sport influenced by
age, gender, race, religion, diability, family, friends, peers
56
what social factors are linked to physiological factors
ageing -> lower flexibility
disability -> affects how a skill is performed
57
what is commercialisation
managing or running the sport in a way that results in financial gain
58
how does sport benefit from commercialism
increased revenue
increases participation
improve sportspeople performances
attract support
funds technology
59
how does the media benefit from commercialism
attract audience, listeners and readers
the media helps the sport keep a high profile
60
how does sponsors benefit from commercialism
ensures a high profile for their company
61
how can commercialism be negative
traditional community based links between supporters and clubs are ruined (football)
62
what is the golden triangle
relationship between the media, sponsorship and sport
all 3 benefit eachother
63
what are the types of sponsorship
financial, clothing and equipment, facilities
64
what is sponsorship
financial support for a sport by an outside body, both parties recieve benefits,
65
what is media
covers broadcasting and reporting of sports
66
types of media
tv, radio, print, film, social media, internet
67
what is the positive impacts of commercialised activity
68
what is the negative impacts of commercialised activity
69
what is the positive impacts of technology in sport
- makes competition fairer
- performer analysis
- officials can communicate
70
what is the negative impacts of technology in sport
- reviews can disrupt play
- cause unrest
- best may not be available to every1
71
what is etiquette
unwritten rules or customs to uphold fairness, spirit of the game
example: shaking hands before and after, acknowledging the ball was out
72
what is sportsmanship
playing within the rules and using etiquette, showing respect to opponents
example: kicking the ball out when someone is injured and the other team giving it back
73
what is gamemanship
bending the rules, questionable methods to gain and advantage
example: time wasting to prevent the opposition scoring
74
what is contract to compete
Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules
- participants agree to do their bes
75
what are prohibitted substances
stimulants
narcotic analgesics
anabolic agents
peptide hormones (EPO)
diuretics
76
stimulants pros + cons
pros:
- increase alertness
- reduce reaction time
- reduce fatigue
cons:
- addictive
- high blood pressure
- high aggression
77
narcotic analgesics pros + cons
pros:
- painkillers
- continue training and performing through injury
- tolerate greater level of pain
cons:
- can worsen injury
- nausea
vomitting
78
anabolic agents pros + cons
pros:
- rapid increases in strength and recovery
- used as a training drug
- increase muscle and bone growth
cons:
- mood swings
- heart disease
- testicular atrophy/increase in facial hair
79
peptide hormones pros and cons
pros:
- boost cardiovascular endurance
- improve oxygen carrying capacity
cons:
- increase blood pressure
- increase risk of heart attack
- risk of stroke
80
who would peptide hormones benefit
marathon runners / long distance cyclists
81
diuretics pros + cons:
pros:
- more urine -> mask other drugs
- cause rapid weight loss to meet weight category
cons:
- severe dehyrdation
- ikidney failure
- heart failure
82
who would take diuretics
boxing, wrestiling (anything with a weight category)
83
who would anabolic agents benefit
weight lifters
84
who would use stimulants
f1 drivers (george russel)
85
who would use narcotic analgesics
injured athlete
86
what is blood doping
removal of blood a few weeks b4 a comp, blood is frozen and reinjected just b4 a comp
87
pros of blood doping
increase number of red blood cells
increase oxygen carrying capacity
perform longer
88
cons of blood doping
thickening of blood
risk of heart attack
risk of infecgtion
risk of embolism
89
who might use blood doping
long distance
90
what are beta blockers
reduce heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure
reduce adrenaline
improve fine motor control
91
cons of beta blockers
nausea
weakness
heart problems
92
who might use beta blockers
archery, shooting
93
cons to the sport of PED's
reputation and credibility
94
pros of spectators
energetic atmosphere
source of revenue
home field advantage
increase profile
95
cons of spectator behaviour
pressure
scare off younger performers
crowd trouble
cost alot for crowd control
96
what is hooliganism
disorderly, agressive and violent behaviour by spectaotrs
97
reasons for hooliganism
- rivalries
hype
alcohol/drugs
gang culture
furstration
masculinity
98
strategies to combat hoolignism
early kick offs
seating
segregation
alcohol restriction
improved security
education
99
maintaing physical health
improves hart function
reduces risk of type2 diabetes
avoid obesity
maintain endurance
do everyday tasks
100
mainting mental health and wellbeing
* reduces stress/tension
* release of feel good hormones (serotonin)
* able to control emotions.
101
maintaing Social health and wellbeing:
* opportunities to socialise/make friends
* cooperation
* teamwork
* have essential human needs (food,
shelter, clothing).
102
maintaing fitness
* improves fitness
* reduces the chances of injury
* can aid in the physical ability to work, eg
on your feet all day/manual labour.
103
consequences of a sedentary lifestyle
- weight gain/obesity
* heart disease
* hypertension
* diabetes
* poor sleep
* poor self-esteem
104
sedentary lifestyle
no or irregular physical activity and an excessive amount of daily sitting
105
cons of obesity sport
limits stamina/cardiovascular endurance
* limits flexibility
* limits agility
* limits speed/power.
106
cons of obsesity physical
* cancer
* heart disease/heart attacks
* diabetes
* high cholesterol.
107
cons of obsesity mental
* depression
* loss of confidence
108
cons of obsesity social
inability to socialise
* inability to leave home
109
endomorph
pear shaped
wide hips
narrow shoulders
110
endomorph sport
hammer throw, rugby, sumo
111
ectomorph
tall and thin
narrow shoulders and hips
112
ectomorph sport
marathon
high jump
basketball
113
mesomorph
wide shouolders
muscular
narrow hips
114
mesomorph sport
football
javelin
swim
115
mesoporph sport why
excel in strength and agility
116
ectomorph sport why
less weight to be carried
117
endomorph sport why
difficulut to do long distance
118
kcal for average male
2500
119
kcal for average female
2000
120
kcal age
under 25 > older
121
kcal height
taller > short
122
kcal gender
men > women
123
energy expenditure kcal
more excerice > less
124
balanced diet - why
unused energy is stored as fat
suitable energy can be available for
activity
* the body needs nutrients for energy,
growth and hydration.
125
balanced diet is contains...
55–60% carbohydrate,
25–30% fat, 15–20% protein.
126
carbs
main and preferred
energy source for all types of exercise, of all
intensities.
127
fats
energy source
provides more energy than carbohydrates but only at low intensity.
128
proteins
growth and repair of muscle
tissue
129
vitamins and minerals
maintaining the efficient working of the body systems and general health
130
dehyrdation
excessive loss of water
131
dehyrdation results in
* blood thickening - slows blood flow
* increases in heart rate
* increase in body temperature/overheat
* slowing of reactions
* muscle fatigue/cramps.
132
how much of the body is water
60 percent
133
adult male water intake
2.5 litres
134
adult female water intake
2 litres
135
hydration
having enough water to function properly
136
rehyrdation
consuming water to restore hydration
