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pe exam > paper 2 > Flashcards

paper 2 Flashcards

socio cultural influences

1
Q

what is skill

A

a learned action

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2
Q

what is ability

A

inherited traits that determine the potential to learn a skill

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3
Q

what are the classifications of skill

A
  • basic v complex
  • open v closed
  • self paced v externally paced
  • gross v fine
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4
Q

what is a basic skill

A
  • form the foundation of more complex skills
  • not complicated movements
  • running, throwing
  • generic
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5
Q

what is a complex skill

A
  • high levels of coordination and control
  • sport specific
  • serving in tennis
  • more difficult
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6
Q

what is a closed skill

A
  • not affected by the environment
  • self paced
  • same technique each time
  • gymnastic floor routing
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7
Q

what is an open skill

A
  • affected by environment
  • perceptual and externally paced
  • adapt skills to a changing environment
  • passing in frisbee
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8
Q

what is a self paced skill

A
  • controlled by performer (timings)
  • when to execute the skill
  • throwing a javelin
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9
Q

what is an externally paced skill

A
  • controlled by environment
  • involve decision and reaction
  • goalie saving a shot
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10
Q

what is a gross skill

A
  • large muscle movements
  • not precise
  • rugby tackle
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11
Q

what is a fine skill

A
  • precise movements
  • small muscle groups
  • high levels of hand eye coordination
  • throwing a dart
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12
Q

what is a performance goal

A
  • focus on an aspect of performance theyre in control of
  • doesnt focus on the result (winning/losing)
  • no social comparison
  • sprinter beating pb
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13
Q

whats an outcome goal

A
  • focus on end result
  • ## focus on big picture
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14
Q

why do beginners prefer to avoid outcome goals

A

failure can be demotivating / winning may be unrealistic

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15
Q

what is SMART targets

A

Specific
Measurable
Accepted
Realistic
Timebound

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16
Q

what is the basic information processing model

A

input -> decision making -> output -> feedback

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17
Q

what is input

A

information from the display (senses), selective attention

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18
Q

what is decision making

A

selection of appropriate response from memory. The role of long term and short term memory.

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19
Q

what is output

A

information sent to muscles to carry out the response

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20
Q

what is feedback

A

received via self (intrinsic) and/or others (extrinsic).

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21
Q

what is intrinsic feedback

A
  • via self
  • felt by performer as they execute a skill
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22
Q

what is extrinsic feedback

A
  • provided by external sources
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23
Q

what is visual guidance

A
  • demonstration, observation, videos and images
  • helps early stages of learning
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24
Q

what is verbal guidance

A
  • after performance
  • given by an observer
  • questioning, coaching points, feedback
  • specific and accurate
  • know specific terminology
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25
Q

what is manual guidance

A
  • when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach
  • example: coach supporting a gymnast doing a handstand
  • given during practice
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26
Q

what is mechanical guidance

A
  • a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer learn and practise a skill
  • generally used at the early stages of learning
  • develop the feeling of the full movement of the skill
  • allows learner to gain confidence
  • example: float in swimming to develop leg action
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27
Q

positive feedback

A
  • experienced when a performance achieves the intended outcome. - example: rugby player passes a ball, receive positive feedback when the receiver catches their pass
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28
Q

negative feedback

A
  • when a performer does not achieve the intended outcome.
  • example: a netball player shoots and misses, the player receives negative feedback
  • encourages the shooter to adjust their technique in future shots.
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29
Q

how to utilise negative and positive feedback

A

to judge the performance as well as the outcome

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30
Q

advantages of intrinsic feedback

A
  • Helps to focus on the feel of a skill
  • Helps performers to solve problems themselves
  • Helps to develop skills independently
  • Gives performers more time to practise
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31
Q

Advantages of extrinsic feedback

A
  • provides new or additional guidance
  • helps performers to identify problems
  • Offers solutions to problems
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32
Q

what feedback would beginners prefer

A

extrinsic

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33
Q

what feedback would an elite prefer

A

intrinsic to refine performance

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34
Q

what is arousal

A

physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/readiness,

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35
Q

how do optimal arousal levels vary according to the skill being performed

A

high intensity contact sports have higher optimal arousal level than low intensitiy non contact sport

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36
Q

example of a skill that requires low arousal

A

darts, archery, snooker

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37
Q

example of a skill in sport that requires high arousal

A

rugby tackle

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38
Q

what arousal would gross skills need?

A

high level

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39
Q

what arousal would fine skills need

A

low arousal

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40
Q

how can arousal be controlled using stress management techniques before a performance

A

deep breathing, mental rehearsal, positive self talk

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41
Q

what is direct agression

A

deliberate physical contact between participants

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42
Q

indirect aggression

A

does not involve physical contact

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43
Q

example of indirect aggression

A

hitting a tennis ball hard during a rally

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44
Q

example of direct agression

A

foul from behind in footbal, too high tackle in rugby

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45
Q

characteristics of introvert

A

shy, thoughtful, enjoy being on their own

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46
Q

examples of sport for introvert

A

individual sports - fine skill required, low arousal

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47
Q

characteristics of an extrovert

A

enjoy interaction, socialable, enthusiastic, prone to boredome when isolated

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48
Q

sports for an extrovert

A

team sports - fast pace, low concentration, gross skills

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49
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

for pride/self satisfaction/personal achievement

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50
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

from another source/person
* tangible – certificates/trophies, medals
* intangible – praise/feedback/applause.

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51
Q

intrinsic is generally more…..

A

effective

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52
Q

what can an overuse of extrinsic lead to

A

undermining the strength of intrinsic,
rely on extrinsic

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53
Q

what is intrinsic most likely to lead to

A

continued effort and participation

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54
Q

what may extrinsic rewards result in

A

feelings of pride/ self-satisfaction

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55
Q

what is participation in sport influenced by

A

age, gender, race, religion, diability, family, friends, peers

56
Q

what social factors are linked to physiological factors

A

ageing -> lower flexibility
disability -> affects how a skill is performed

57
Q

what is commercialisation

A

managing or running the sport in a way that results in financial gain

58
Q

how does sport benefit from commercialism

A

increased revenue
increases participation
improve sportspeople performances
attract support
funds technology

59
Q

how does the media benefit from commercialism

A

attract audience, listeners and readers
the media helps the sport keep a high profile

60
Q

how does sponsors benefit from commercialism

A

ensures a high profile for their company

61
Q

how can commercialism be negative

A

traditional community based links between supporters and clubs are ruined (football)

62
Q

what is the golden triangle

A

relationship between the media, sponsorship and sport
all 3 benefit eachother

63
Q

what are the types of sponsorship

A

financial, clothing and equipment, facilities

64
Q

what is sponsorship

A

financial support for a sport by an outside body, both parties recieve benefits,

65
Q

what is media

A

covers broadcasting and reporting of sports

66
Q

types of media

A

tv, radio, print, film, social media, internet

67
Q

what is the positive impacts of commercialised activity

A
68
Q

what is the negative impacts of commercialised activity

A
69
Q

what is the positive impacts of technology in sport

A
  • makes competition fairer
  • performer analysis
  • officials can communicate
70
Q

what is the negative impacts of technology in sport

A
  • reviews can disrupt play
  • cause unrest
  • best may not be available to every1
71
Q

what is etiquette

A

unwritten rules or customs to uphold fairness, spirit of the game
example: shaking hands before and after, acknowledging the ball was out

72
Q

what is sportsmanship

A

playing within the rules and using etiquette, showing respect to opponents
example: kicking the ball out when someone is injured and the other team giving it back

73
Q

what is gamemanship

A

bending the rules, questionable methods to gain and advantage
example: time wasting to prevent the opposition scoring

74
Q

what is contract to compete

A

Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules
- participants agree to do their bes

75
Q

what are prohibitted substances

A

stimulants
narcotic analgesics
anabolic agents
peptide hormones (EPO)
diuretics

76
Q

stimulants pros + cons

A

pros:
- increase alertness
- reduce reaction time
- reduce fatigue

cons:
- addictive
- high blood pressure
- high aggression

77
Q

narcotic analgesics pros + cons

A

pros:
- painkillers
- continue training and performing through injury
- tolerate greater level of pain

cons:
- can worsen injury
- nausea
vomitting

78
Q

anabolic agents pros + cons

A

pros:
- rapid increases in strength and recovery
- used as a training drug
- increase muscle and bone growth

cons:
- mood swings
- heart disease
- testicular atrophy/increase in facial hair

79
Q

peptide hormones pros and cons

A

pros:
- boost cardiovascular endurance
- improve oxygen carrying capacity

cons:
- increase blood pressure
- increase risk of heart attack
- risk of stroke

80
Q

who would peptide hormones benefit

A

marathon runners / long distance cyclists

81
Q

diuretics pros + cons:

A

pros:
- more urine -> mask other drugs
- cause rapid weight loss to meet weight category

cons:
- severe dehyrdation
- ikidney failure
- heart failure

82
Q

who would take diuretics

A

boxing, wrestiling (anything with a weight category)

83
Q

who would anabolic agents benefit

A

weight lifters

84
Q

who would use stimulants

A

f1 drivers (george russel)

85
Q

who would use narcotic analgesics

A

injured athlete

86
Q

what is blood doping

A

removal of blood a few weeks b4 a comp, blood is frozen and reinjected just b4 a comp

87
Q

pros of blood doping

A

increase number of red blood cells
increase oxygen carrying capacity
perform longer

88
Q

cons of blood doping

A

thickening of blood
risk of heart attack
risk of infecgtion
risk of embolism

89
Q

who might use blood doping

A

long distance

90
Q

what are beta blockers

A

reduce heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure
reduce adrenaline
improve fine motor control

91
Q

cons of beta blockers

A

nausea
weakness
heart problems

92
Q

who might use beta blockers

A

archery, shooting

93
Q

cons to the sport of PED’s

A

reputation and credibility

94
Q

pros of spectators

A

energetic atmosphere
source of revenue
home field advantage
increase profile

95
Q

cons of spectator behaviour

A

pressure
scare off younger performers
crowd trouble
cost alot for crowd control

96
Q

what is hooliganism

A

disorderly, agressive and violent behaviour by spectaotrs

97
Q

reasons for hooliganism

A
  • rivalries
    hype
    alcohol/drugs
    gang culture
    furstration
    masculinity
98
Q

strategies to combat hoolignism

A

early kick offs
seating
segregation
alcohol restriction
improved security
education

99
Q

maintaing physical health

A

improves hart function
reduces risk of type2 diabetes
avoid obesity
maintain endurance
do everyday tasks

100
Q

mainting mental health and wellbeing

A
  • reduces stress/tension
  • release of feel good hormones (serotonin)
  • able to control emotions.
101
Q

maintaing Social health and wellbeing:

A
  • opportunities to socialise/make friends
  • cooperation
  • teamwork
  • have essential human needs (food,
    shelter, clothing).
102
Q

maintaing fitness

A
  • improves fitness
  • reduces the chances of injury
  • can aid in the physical ability to work, eg
    on your feet all day/manual labour.
103
Q

consequences of a sedentary lifestyle

A
  • weight gain/obesity
  • heart disease
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • poor sleep
  • poor self-esteem
104
Q

sedentary lifestyle

A

no or irregular physical activity and an excessive amount of daily sitting

105
Q

cons of obesity sport

A

limits stamina/cardiovascular endurance
* limits flexibility
* limits agility
* limits speed/power.

106
Q

cons of obsesity physical

A
  • cancer
  • heart disease/heart attacks
  • diabetes
  • high cholesterol.
107
Q

cons of obsesity mental

A
  • depression
  • loss of confidence
108
Q

cons of obsesity social

A

inability to socialise
* inability to leave home

109
Q

endomorph

A

pear shaped
wide hips
narrow shoulders

110
Q

endomorph sport

A

hammer throw, rugby, sumo

111
Q

ectomorph

A

tall and thin
narrow shoulders and hips

112
Q

ectomorph sport

A

marathon
high jump
basketball

113
Q

mesomorph

A

wide shouolders
muscular
narrow hips

114
Q

mesomorph sport

A

football
javelin
swim

115
Q

mesoporph sport why

A

excel in strength and agility

116
Q

ectomorph sport why

A

less weight to be carried

117
Q

endomorph sport why

A

difficulut to do long distance

118
Q

kcal for average male

A

2500

119
Q

kcal for average female

A

2000

120
Q

kcal age

A

under 25 > older

121
Q

kcal height

A

taller > short

122
Q

kcal gender

A

men > women

123
Q

energy expenditure kcal

A

more excerice > less

124
Q

balanced diet - why

A

unused energy is stored as fat
suitable energy can be available for
activity
* the body needs nutrients for energy,
growth and hydration.

125
Q

balanced diet is contains…

A

55–60% carbohydrate,
25–30% fat, 15–20% protein.

126
Q

carbs

A

main and preferred
energy source for all types of exercise, of all
intensities.

127
Q

fats

A

energy source
provides more energy than carbohydrates but only at low intensity.

128
Q

proteins

A

growth and repair of muscle
tissue

129
Q

vitamins and minerals

A

maintaining the efficient working of the body systems and general health

130
Q

dehyrdation

A

excessive loss of water

131
Q

dehyrdation results in

A
  • blood thickening - slows blood flow
  • increases in heart rate
  • increase in body temperature/overheat
  • slowing of reactions
  • muscle fatigue/cramps.
132
Q

how much of the body is water

A

60 percent

133
Q

adult male water intake

A

2.5 litres

134
Q

adult female water intake

A

2 litres

135
Q

hydration

A

having enough water to function properly

136
Q

rehyrdation

A

consuming water to restore hydration

pe exam (4 decks)

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