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PAPER 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

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2
Q

More than —— of the world’s population currently live in urban areas

A

50%

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3
Q

What leads to rural-urban migration?

A

Economic change, natural increase, health care

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4
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

Movement of people from the countryside to the cities

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5
Q

When was the highest rate o urbanisation?

A

Industrial Revolution

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6
Q

What did de-industrialisation mean?

A

Fewer jobs, run-down cities so people moved away

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7
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

People preferring to now live in rural areas

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8
Q

What is causing the rate of urbanisation to increase rapidly in emerging and developing countries?

A

High birth rates, lower death rate

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9
Q

What does pull factor mean?

A

Things drawing people into cities

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10
Q

What does push factor mean?

A

Things driving people out of rural areas

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11
Q

What are 2 reasons people leave the countryside?

A

Jobs, higher living standards

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12
Q

How is pressure put on housing due to urbanisation?

A

More demand, lack of space, increased pricing, lower incomes can’t afford it

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13
Q

How is pressure put on housing due to overcrowding?

A

High pop = housing shortage = overcrowding = house sharing

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14
Q

How is pressure put on housing due to transport?

A

High pop = more commuters = stress of transport networks = congested roads = delays

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15
Q

How is pressure put on housing due to service?

A

Education and health care is better - high pop = difficult access = congestion =traffic delays ( ad for emergency services) large class sizes = long waiting lists

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16
Q

Economic consequences of migration?

A

Not enough jobs = unemployment, lots of people work in informal sector (improper conditions), my not have access to education so :( jobs

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17
Q

What are the social consequences of migration?

A

Not enough houses = squatter settlements = over crowded, no access to basic services = poor health, high crime

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18
Q

What are the environmental impacts of migration?

A

Rubbish heaps = damage environment- especially if toxic, sewage = toxic chemicals into rivers = harms wildlife, congestion = high ghg emissions

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19
Q

What part of the UK is sparsely populated?

A

Upland regions in Scotland = difficult to farm + few natural resources

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20
Q

What has mineral wealth lead to?

A

Rapid pop growth- industries

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21
Q

Where are most urban areas developed?

A

Lowland

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22
Q

Why is most urban areas in lowland?

A

Easy to build on, milder climate

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23
Q

Where is the rate of urbanisation the highest?

A

Where the economy growing

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24
Q

What 2 areas of the UK have the slowest growth?

A

N, W

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25
Q

What 2 areas of the UK have the fastest growth?

A

S, E

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26
Q

How much of the UK’s income comes from London?

A

20%

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27
Q

City of London =

A

CBD, commercial, high-rise office blocks

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28
Q

New ham =

A

Inner city, lower-class residential, old terrace housing

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29
Q

Chelsea =

A

Inner city, high-class, large terrace houses

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30
Q

Kingston upon Thames =

A

Suburbs, middle-class residential, semi-detached housing

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31
Q

Crockenhill =

A

Urban-rural fringe, high-class residential, large countryside housing

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32
Q

Thurrock =

A

Urban-rural fringe, industrial/commercial, retail/manufacturing

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33
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Increase in the proportion of the population living in built-up urban areas

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34
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

The moving of people from the middle of the to the edges (housing built in the outskirts)

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35
Q

What is sprawl?

A

Rapid expansion

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36
Q

What is re-urbanisation?

A

Movement of people back into urban areas

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37
Q

What is international migration?

A

around 100 000 more people arrived in London from abroad than left in 2014

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38
Q

Wa is natural increase?

A

More births, less deaths

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39
Q

——of all international migrants to the UK live in London.

A

35%

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40
Q

How does Migration Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City in relation to age structure?

A

Most national immigrants to London are aged 20-34 and international immigrants are aged 16-34

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41
Q

How does Migration Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City in relation to ethnicity?

A

ethnic diversity is higher in inner city areas

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42
Q

How does Migration Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City in relation to housing?

A

the high rate of immigration is leading to overcrowding. Poorer immigrants often live in older terraces and 1960s-70s council tower blocks in the inner city

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43
Q

How does Migration Influence the Character of Different Parts of the City in relation to services?

A

in inner city areas where immigration rates are high, there is an increasing demand for services such as education and health care - a high student population has led to thriving services and entertainment venues

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44
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

Manufacturing industries move out of an area

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45
Q

What are the 4 main factors to de-industrialisation?

A

Globalisation, de-centralisation, technology advances, developments in transport

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46
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to de-industrialisation?

A

Unemployment, derelict buildings = vandalism, decrease in local services

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47
Q

What are 2 positives to de-industrialisation?

A

Many TNCs, provides jobs in business parks

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48
Q

More than —— of London’s population are living in poverty, due to —— or ————

A

25%, unemployment, low wages

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49
Q

De-industrialisation has led to many areas of the inner city becoming ——

A

deprived

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50
Q

increasing —— opportunities reduces —— and improves ————

A

employment, poverty, economic sustainability

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51
Q

more —— means fewer resources are used

A

recycling

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52
Q

—— of rubbish in London is recycled

A

33%

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53
Q

What 3 things to do with transportation reduce noise and air pollution

A

Congestion charge, self-service bikes, electric buses

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54
Q

the —— development is a large-scale —— community in south London

A

BedZED, sustainable

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55
Q

What 3 things help improve education?

A

Uni open days, increasing contact with parents, individual pupil support

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56
Q

Nigeria, Lagos has a population of over ————, it contains —— of Nigeria’s industry

A

21 mil, 80%

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57
Q

The CBD (Lagos) has…

A

Old lower-class housing

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58
Q

The inner city in Nigeria has…

A

Low-quality housing + industrial estates

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59
Q

The suburbs of Nigeria has…

A

High-class residential + commercial

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60
Q

The urban-rural fringe has…

A

Sprawling, new housing + industrial zone

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61
Q

What are 2 historic facts about Lagos?

A

Was under British rule during colonial times, many ex-slaves moved there

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62
Q

4 things about Lagos in 196”s-1990s…

A

Exporting of oil = rapid economic development, rapid urbanisation, high birth rate, lowering death rates = higher pop

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63
Q

Most of the population growth in Lagos is due to ——————

A

rural-urban migration

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64
Q

(Lagos) Most poor migrants end up living in —— with no formal ——

A

slums, services

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65
Q

two thirds of the population of Lagos are aged —— or under and just 2% are over ——

A

29, 65

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66
Q

(Lagos) wealthier areas tend to have more ———— than poorer areas

A

mixed ethnicities

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67
Q

Lagos does not have enough electricity-generating capacity to satisfy the whole city, so neighbourhoods have to…

A

take it in turns to have electricity

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68
Q

(Lagos) Over —— of the city’s population live in ——

A

60%, slums

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69
Q

In Lagos —— tonnes of waste per day is produced

A

9000

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70
Q

—— of the population in Lagos’ work is informal

A

60%

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71
Q

What are 3 ways to define development?

A

Economic, social, political

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72
Q

What are 6 ways to measure human development?

A

Economic (housing, employment), social (health, education), technological, cultural, food security, water security

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73
Q

What are 5 measures of development for countries?

A

GDP per capita, gini coefficient, gender inequality index, HDI, CPI

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74
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year divided by the population

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75
Q

What is gini coefficient?

A

A measure of economic inequality

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76
Q

What is gender inequality index?

A

A number that’s calculated using data on e.g. women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy

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77
Q

What is HDI?

A

This is a number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level And income per head

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78
Q

What is CPI?

A

A measure of the level of corruption

79
Q

What 3 physical factors contribute to uneven development?

A

Climate (food growth), raw materials, natural disasters

80
Q

What historic factor contributes to uneven development?

A

Colonialism = stolen materials + slaves

81
Q

What 3 economic factors contribute to uneven development?

A

Exchange of goods and services, debt, exportation

82
Q

Uneven development leads to differences in quality of life across the UK in 3 areas…

A

Unemployment, life expectancy, education

83
Q

Unemployment is highest in ———— England (5.0%), and lowest in the ———— (2.9%.

A

North East, South West

84
Q

The highest life expectancy at birth for males (2011-2013) was in ———— England (80.4 years) and the lowest was in —— 76.8 years.

A

South East, Scotland

85
Q

GCSE results are generally better in the —— of England than the —— or the ——

A

south, Midlands, north

86
Q

What 2 physical factors contribute to uneven development in the UK?

A

N + W = mountainous = hard to build infrastructure + farm, people have less money, less to spend on development

87
Q

What 3 historic factors contribute to uneven development in the UK?

A

Investment, post-industrial service industry has mostly benefited the S, unemployment

88
Q

What 3 economic factors contribute to uneven development in the UK?

A

S = better transport links = better trade opportunities, London has 4x as may jobs as any other UK city (due to high paying financial jobs, investments for infrastructure + technology differ

89
Q

What 2 international strategies aim to Reduce Uneven Development?

A

Inter-governmental agreements, international aid

90
Q

Top-down development projects =

A

a government or large organisation, e.g. an inter-governmental organisation or transnational corporation (TNC), makes decisions about how to direct the project

91
Q

Bottom-up development projects =

A

local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own community. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) can also be involved

92
Q

What are 2 advantages to top-down approaches?

A

Allows large projects, improves economy

93
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to top-down approaches?

A

Expensive, could be corrupt gov, energy intensive

94
Q

What are 3 advantages to bottom-up approaches?

A

Quick + cheap, provides local jobs, low environmental impact

95
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to bottom-up approaches?

A

Don’t benefit anyone, mostly relays on donations, may be inefficient

96
Q

India is an —— country with a rapidly growing ——. It has the second largest population in the world (approx. —— billion)

A

emerging, economy, 1.3

97
Q

India was a British colony until ——, but now has its own —— elected government

A

1947, democratically

98
Q

Urban pop + GDP per capita of Maharashtra =

A

45, 2500

99
Q

Urban pop + GDP per capita of Bihar =

A

11, 700

100
Q

—— (the main primary industry in India) employs —— of the working population in India

A

Agriculture, 43%

101
Q

Secondary industry, (——) has grown to employ 24% of the workforce in India

A

Manufacturing, 24%

102
Q

—— and —— industries have become a much larger part of the economy, employing —— of the workforce

A

Tertiary, quaternary, 34%

103
Q

Until 2015, India received over —— each year from the UK to tackle poverty

A

£200m

104
Q

India received US ———— in aid from the IME in exchange for the government changing its economic policies, e.g. by allowing foreign companies to set up factories in India.

A

$2.2 billion

105
Q

What are the 4 factors of how geopolitical relationships affect India’s development?

A

Foreign policy, defence, military pacts, territorial disputes

106
Q

—— of all Indians now own a mobile phone.

A

85%

107
Q

What are the positive economic impacts of India’s rapid development?

A

More jobs, more money to improve quality of life

108
Q

What are the positive environmental impacts of India’s rapid development?

A

Increased income = people can afford to protect the environment

109
Q

What are the positive social impacts of India’s rapid development?

A

More money improve life (clean water + medical care)

110
Q

What are the negative economic impacts of India’s rapid development?

A

Some profits from TNCs leave India,
TNCs may move around India to take advantage of local government incentives.
Some companies have been accused of closing factories in certain areas once local tax breaks ended.

111
Q

What are the negative environmental impacts of India’s rapid development?

A

Increases energy consumption, pollution, ghg, waste dumps, water pollution, sewage flows untreated into rivers

112
Q

What are the negative social impacts of India’s rapid development?

A

1/4 of urban pop live in slums, poor/dangerous working conditions

113
Q

Biotic =

A

Living things

114
Q

Abiotic =

A

Non-living

115
Q

Renewable =

A

Resources which can be replenished in a short timescale

116
Q

Non-renewable =

A

Resources that can’t be replenished quickly as they take millions of years to form

117
Q

Resource Extraction has Big Impacts on the Environment Inwa 3 areas?

A

Water + air quality, biodiversity, soil erosion

118
Q

People Exploit the Environment for Food, Water and EnergyIn what 5 areas?

A

Fossil fuels, fishing, farming, deforestation, water, rocks + minerals

119
Q

Sheep farming occurs in —— areas

A

upland

120
Q

Cattle farming is found where the climate is —— and ——, so there’s lots of —— for the cows to eat, e.g. —— England

A

warm, wet, grass, southwest

121
Q

Arable farming is mainly in east and southeast England, where the land is ——, soils are very —— and summer temperatures are ——

A

flatter, fertile, higher

122
Q

Mixed farming requires good —— for animals as well as —— soils for growing crops

A

pastures, fertile

123
Q

The distribution of fossil fuels depends on the —— of the area

A

geology

124
Q

Most ———— is extracted from the south coast (Dorset) and the East Midlands

A

onshore oil

125
Q

Coniferous forests are generally found in…

A

upland areas where soils are too poor for agriculture

126
Q

What 3 things does water consumption depend on?

A

Climate, development, industrial activities

127
Q

North America and central Asia use the most ——

A

water

128
Q

Wa 2 thing does food production depend on?

A

Climate, level of development (genetic engineering, mechanisms)

129
Q

More developed areas like North America and Europe…

A

eat a lot due to higher incomes

130
Q

Less developed areas like Africa, Central America and parts of Asia consume…

A

less food per person as people can’t afford as much and less food may be available

131
Q

China and other newly industrialised countries are consuming…

A

more as their wealth increases

132
Q

What are the 3 reasons why global demand for energy has increased over the last 100 yrs?

A

Pop increase, economic development, tech advances

133
Q

energy demands have ——, technological advances in energy generation have —— supply. Now —— energy is generated and much —— is lost in the process

A

increased, increased, more, less

134
Q

Non-renewable energy resources include ———— and ——

A

fossil fuels, uranium

135
Q

Fossil fuels formed millions of years ago from the remains of ————
They can be extracted from the —— and ——

A

dead organisms, ground, seabed

136
Q

Uranium is used to produce ———— — when uranium atoms split lots of —— is produced, which is used to boil water.
The —— turns a turbine, generating electricity. Uranium is ——,
like coal, from both open pit and underground mines

A

nuclear energy, heat, steam, mined

137
Q

Positive impacts of non-renewable energy for people…

A

Countries with fuel reserves save money by reducing energy imports and can make money from exporting energy = jobs

138
Q

Positive impacts of non-renewable energy for the environment…

A

Less uranium than fossil fuels is needed to generate the same amount of energy, so less needs to be mined = less pollution

139
Q

Negative impacts of non-renewable energy for people…

A

Fossil fuels are a finite resource meaning that they will run out eventually. Relying too heavily on them could lead to energy shortages in the future + dangerous for workers

140
Q

Negative impacts of non-renewable energy for the environment…

A

Mining and drilling remove soil and vegetation = low biodiversity, ghg = global warming, nuclear waste

141
Q

Advantages to nuclear =

A

Nuclear power stations can run almost constantly, so energy supply is consistent.
Nuclear energy generation doesn’t release CO,, so doesn’t contribute to global warming

142
Q

Disadvantages to nuclear =

A

Used nuclear fuel is very radioactive and toxic, and can pollute the environment if it is not properly contained. Nuclear power stations are usually very large
- many people think they are an eyesore. People also think they are unsafe

143
Q

What are the 3 main was of generating renewable energy?

A

Wind turbines, solar power, hydro-electric power

144
Q

Positive impacts of renewable energy on people =

A

Never run out, jobs created, countries van make money from its exportation

145
Q

Negative impacts of renewable energy on people =

A

Expensive, unreliable

145
Q

Positive impacts of renewable energy on the environment =

A

No ghg, require less water = less likely to have water shortages

146
Q

Negative impacts of renewable energy on the environment =

A

Some solar panels are made at toxic chemicals, destroyed habitats to make space

147
Q

—— is a way of extracting natural gas that is trapped in shale rock underground (helps meet demands)

A

Fracking

148
Q

Nearly —— of the UK’s energy supply is provided by oil and gas

A

70%

149
Q

The UK doesn’t produce enough oil, coal or gas to meet its needs -

A

it imports the rest from other countries.
This makes it dependent on international prices

150
Q

The energy mix of a different country depends on what 3 things?

A

Pop, wealth, availability

151
Q

Many individuals currently favour ———— resources, as they provide a —— and secure supply of energy - but they might not want them being —— near their homes

A

non-renewable, cheap, extracted

152
Q

Big INCs (transnational corporations) are involved in —— and refining fossil fuels and invest a lot of money into the energy sector
Controlling oil reserves gives TNCs lots of —— and ——, which means they may —— money if there is a shift towards using more renewable energy sources

A

extracting, power, wealth, lose

153
Q

Governments want ——, —— energy supplies, which may make them more likely to support the exploitation and use of fossil fuels. However, governments also want to secure energy supplies in the long term, so may be looking into developing —— and —— energy resources for the future

A

cheap, reliable, nuclear, renewable

154
Q

Sweden is committed to —— energy management, however India is an —— country with —— energy targets

A

Sustainable, emerging, ambitious

155
Q

Sweden is aiming to get 100% of its electricity from —— energy resources by ——

A

renewable, 2040

156
Q

In Sweden in 2015, about —— of its energy came from renewable energy resources

A

53%

157
Q

Around —— of India’s energy currently comes from ——, but the government has pledged to —— the amount of energy that it generates from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030

A

55%, coal, double

158
Q

By 2015 there were 84 rice husk powered plants operating in Bihar

A

84

159
Q

India is the —— largest consumer of energy in the world, with increasing energy demands due to:

A

3rd, rapid growing pop, including wealth in the pop, growth of industry

160
Q

only about —— of the world’s water is fresh water

A

3%

161
Q

Water availability is not ———— within countries either. Overall, the UK has fairly low ————, but this varies locally — some areas have much higher water availability

A

evenly distributed, water availability

162
Q

What is water surplus?

A

some parts of the world have more water than is needed

163
Q

What is water deficiency?

A

there is not enough water to meet everyone’s needs

164
Q

Water deficits generally happen in places with…

A

low water availability and high demand for water

165
Q

Canada has nearly —— of the world’s renewable fresh water resources but only —— of the world’s population.

A

7%, 0.5%

166
Q

What has caused global water availability to decrease?

A

Supply (over-abstraction, pollution, cc) , demand (pop, development)

167
Q

—— of the UK’s water consumption is domestic

A

70%

168
Q

What are the 3 main uses of water?

A

Agriculture, industry, domestic

169
Q

Developed countries use —— water per person than developing and emerging countries. However, —— countries also have the potential to —— their water consumption e.g. ————

A

more, developed, reduce, smart irrigation

170
Q

—— of Brazil’s water use is for industry

A

17%

171
Q

—— of Tanzania’s water use is for agriculture

A

89%

172
Q

The —— and —— of the UK have high rainfall

A

north, west

173
Q

The ———— and the Midlands have high population densities, which means there’s a high —— for water but a water ——

A

south east, demand, deficit

174
Q

Over —— children die every year from diarrhoea, often caused by drinking contaminated water

A

480 000

175
Q

—— have to balance the needs of citizens and businesses. They need to avoid water shortages, so they have to make sure that industries don’t consume too much water — but they also want businesses to stay because they provide jobs and taxes, so they can’t restrict water use too much.

A

Governments

176
Q

(——) —— like Water Aid and UNICEE believe that everyone should be able to use safe, clean water. They carry out work in developing countries to increase peoplés access to clean water, e.g, installing boreholes and toilets. This increases water consumption but can also reduce the contamination of water sources.

A

Organisations, charities

177
Q

———— want to be able to get as much clean, safe water as the need - and to be able to get it easily and cheaply

A

Individual people

178
Q

What is desalination?

A

The removal of salt from seawater so that it can be used

179
Q

Dubai’s new plant is —— efficient compared to about —— for plants in Europe

A

82%, 45%

180
Q

Fed —— want to have cheap, reliable and convenient access to water in the future
- and probably want the same for their children and future generations too

A

Individuals

181
Q

————, campaign to encourage people to use water more sustainably and make sure that there is enough water to support wildlife.
Some ———— promote the use of technologies which increase efficiency and create alternative water supplies, as this helps them save money on production cost

A

Environmental organisations, industrial organisations

182
Q

In most countries, the —— is seen to have a responsibility to its citizens to make sure they have access to clean, safe and affordable water, and that this can be ———— in the long term.

A

government, maintained sustainably

183
Q

What are the 2 issues with water management in the UK?

A

Mismatch of supply and demand, overconsumption

184
Q

What are the 2 issues with water management in Kenya?

A

Water shortages as arid, 70% don’t have access to improved sanitation

185
Q

What are the 4 aspects of water management?

A

International, national, regional, individual

186
Q

International water management in UK:

A

The UK signed up to the
EU Water Framework Directive, which provided new standards for water quality and required the UK to increase its monitoring of water quality and pollution

187
Q

National water management in UK:

A

The UK government funded Plug-it, a scheme that designed training for people working in the water industry

188
Q

Regional water management in UK :

A

Some regional water boards introduce hosepipe bans during droughts to reduce consumption

189
Q

Individual water management in UK:

A

Many people have installed water meters in their homes, so that they are charged for the exact amount of water they use, instead of paying a flat rate

190
Q

International water management in Kenya:

A

Kenya receives aid from many international charities and organisations

191
Q

National water management in Kenya:

A

Kenyan law recognises the right to safe water and sanitation as a basic human right, so the government is legally obliged to make sure that everyone has access to clean water

192
Q

Regional water management in Kenya:

A

People from local communities have formed Water Resource Users Associations in the Mara river basin

193
Q

Individual water management in Kenya:

A

People in Machakos District, a semi-arid rural area, have built sand dams with support from international charities

GEOGRAPHY (3 decks)

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