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GEOGRAPHY > Changing Landscapes > Flashcards

Changing Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

When molten rock (magma) from the mantel cools down and hardens forming crystals.

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2
Q

What are two examples of igneous rocks?

A

Granite/basalt

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3
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

When other rocks are changed by heat + pressure

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4
Q

What are two examples of metamorphic rocks?

A

Slate/schists

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5
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

When layers of sediment are compact led together until they become solid rock

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6
Q

What are two examples of sedimentary rock?

A

Chalk/sandstone

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7
Q

What do volcanoes do?

A

Force magma through the Earths crust

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8
Q

How are mountains formed?

A

Collisions between tectonic plates

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9
Q

The Scottish Highlands are ____ to erode and the mountains in the North of Scot/Ir are ____ to erode.

A

Hard, easier

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10
Q

What did glacial erosion cause in upland?

A

U-shaped vallys

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11
Q

What did glacial erosion leave lowland?

A

Melt water + deposits (till)

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12
Q

What is weathering?

A

The break down of rock into smaller pieces

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13
Q

What are the three forms of weathering?

A

Biological, chemical, mechanical

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14
Q

What is erosion?

A

Wearing away rock (ice in glacial period)

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15
Q

What were the physical effects left in the post glacial period?

A

Melting ice = hight river volume + hanging vallys

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16
Q

What is a slope process?

A

The mass movement of material

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17
Q

What did the cold climate cause?

A

A lot of freeze thaw weathering + rivers after

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18
Q

What happened to water in the upland in the post glacial period?

A

Rivers due to the impermeable surfaces

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19
Q

What happened to water in the lowland in the post glacial period?

A

They turns into flood plains due to the permeable surface

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20
Q

How have humans changed the landscape agriculturally?

A

Clear forests/hedgerows round fields/dug up drainage ditches/adaptions to soil+grass to meet animal needs

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21
Q

How have humans changed the landscape in relation to forestry?

A

Deforestation/more planted coniferous tree for timber/after an area is felled the is less drainage

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22
Q

How have humans changed the landscape in relation to settlements?

A

Drainage patterns affected from concrete/diverted rivers/channelisation to prevent floods

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23
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Seawater getting in cracks, evaporating and leaving behind salt crystals

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24
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Acidic rain reacting with the calcium carbonate in rocks like chalk

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25
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Animals burrowing into the soil/plant roots in cracks

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26
Q

What is a landscape?

A

The mass movement of material due to gravity down a slope

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27
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Wave into cracks = compresses the air putting pressure on rock

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28
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Rock in water against rock

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29
Q

What is attrition?

A

Eroded rocks crash into each other

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30
Q

What is solution?

A

Dissolved CO2 in water making it slightly acidic

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31
Q

What is the difference between sliding and slumping?

A

Sliding involves a shift in a straight line whereas slumping involves rotation of materials

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32
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

Prevailing wind waves hit beach = swash then backwash = zig zags across the coast

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33
Q

What is traction?

A

Rocks rolling along the bottom of the bed

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34
Q

What is saltation?

A

Rocks bouncing along the bed

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35
Q

What is suspension?

A

Suspended rock

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36
Q

What is solution?

A

Soluble materials dissolved in water

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37
Q

What do discordant coastlines cause?

A

Bays and headlands

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38
Q

What is a destructive wave?

A

High frequency, steep, very powerful backwash, removed material

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39
Q

What do higher temperatures mean for coasts?

A

Means more salt weathering that loosens material which results in mass movement

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40
Q

What do more storms mean for coasts?

A

More wind means more wave energy resulting in more erosion = coastal retreat + more rain means more saturated soil which means more mass movement

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41
Q

What does more prevailing winds mean for coast?

A

More longshore drift + makes coastlines exposed to storms = more erosions

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42
Q

How is a stump formed?

A

Crack to cave to arch to stack to stump

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43
Q

How is a wave cut platform formed?

A

Erosion = wave cut notch = unstable rock = collapsed material = water cut platform one material has cleared

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44
Q

What is a spit?

A

Mass of material formed from longshore drift coming out in front of a bay that is only attached one side

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45
Q

What is a bay?

A

Water behind a spit

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46
Q

What in a bar?

A

A mass of material formed from longshore drift that is attached both ends that covers a lagoon

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47
Q

What is a lagoon?

A

Water behind a bar

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48
Q

How has industry affected coats?

A

Quarrying:removal of gravel
expose large areas of rock making it more vulnerable to/erosion. Industrial growth at post also leads to high pressure of salt marshes

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49
Q

How has urbanisation changed coast?

A

Leads to more infrastructure/more coastal protection as homes + business need to be protected/however less beach defences = less sediment supply = narrower beaches

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50
Q

How does flooding on the coast affect people?

A

Floods = shut down industries from damaged infrastructure = damaged farmland + less tourism = ruined livelihoods

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51
Q

How does flooding near the coast affect environments?

A

Trees uprooted/ brings salt water to freshwater ecosystems = too high salt levels = kill organisms and lower soil fertility (like sea water eroding bars into lagoons)

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52
Q

What are the three types of hard engineering for coastal defences?

A

Sea wall/ rip rap/groyns

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53
Q

How does a sea wall provide protection?

A

Prevents erosion and protecting against floods

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54
Q

What is an advantage to sea walls?

A

Prevents erosion and floods

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55
Q

What is a disadvantage to sea walls?

A

High cost to build and maintain

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56
Q

How does rip rap provide protection?

A

Boulders piles up along the coast

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57
Q

What is an advantage to rip rap?

A

Absorbs wave energy, lowering erosion/ cheap

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58
Q

What is a disadvantage of rip rap?

A

Not stable/ only protects a cliff not the beach

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59
Q

How do groyns provide protection?

A

Fences that trap material transported by longshore drift

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60
Q

What is an advantage of groyns?

A

Creates wider beaches which slows down waves which lowers erosion/ flooding/ is low cost

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61
Q

What is a disadvantage to groyns?

A

Starve beaches further down the coast making them narrower which increases erosion

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62
Q

What are the two types of soft engineering in protection of coasts?

A

Beach nourishment/managed retreat

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63
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

Sand/shingle replenished

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64
Q

What is an advantage to beach nourishment?

A

Creates wider beaches = slower waves + protects from floods/ersion

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65
Q

What is a disadvantage of beach nourishment?

A

High cost/ has to be repeated/ can kill organisms

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66
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allowing land to flood = marshland protects land behind from flooding

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67
Q

What is an advantage of managed retreat?

A

Makes new habitats

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68
Q

What is a disadvantage of managed retreat?

A

Saltwater can enter ecosystem/ bad community response = conflicts

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69
Q

What is the shape of the upper course like?

A

Steep, V-shape, shallow

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70
Q

What are some other characteristics of the upper course?

A

Low velocity, low discharge, angular + large rocks

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71
Q

What is the shape of the middle course like?

A

Medium gradient, gently sloping sides, wider, deeper, less steep

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72
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the middle course?

A

Medium velocity, medium discharge, medium rock

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73
Q

What is the shape of the lower course like?

A

Gentle gradient, very wide, mostly flat, deep

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74
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the middle course?

A

High velocity, high discharge, small/smooth rocks

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75
Q

What is a fact about the River Seven?

A

610m above sea level

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76
Q

What type of rock does the River Seven have?

A

Mainly hard, impermeable rock

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77
Q

What does high rainfall mean for the River Seven?

A

= high runoff from steep upland slopes

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78
Q

What is the shape and rocks like in the River Seven?

A

It is narrow, shallow, has angular rocks slowing it down

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79
Q

How does the River Seven being a U-shape valley affect surrounding soil?

A

Means mass movement of soil from vertical erosion

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80
Q

What are the three characteristics of the River Seven middle course?

A

Some permeable rocks, wide + deep channel, high rainfall near Shrewsbury

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81
Q

What are three characteristics of the Ri er Seven lower course?

A

Wide + deep, low friction so high velocity = high discharge, high sediment load encouraging deposition

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82
Q

Where is the Dorset coast?

A

The South coast of England

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83
Q

How have human had impact on the development of the Dorset Coast?

A

25% has been developed, removal of sand + gravel on sea bed = high erosion

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84
Q

What type of coast is the Dorset Coast?

A

Discordant = Lulworth cove

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85
Q

How does climate affect the Dorset Coast?

A

Summer = high salt weathering, winter = freeze-thaw

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86
Q

What direction does longshore drift go on the Dorset Coast in Swanage Bay?

A

South to North

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87
Q

How has vegetation affected the Dorset Coast?

A

High vegetation = low stability therefore slumps in wet weather

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88
Q

How has tourism affected the Dorset coast?

A

People wear down paths = trampled vegetation = exposes underlying soil and rock to both weathering and erosion

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89
Q

Hoe has industry affected to Dorset Coast?

A

Quarrying = exposes rock to weathering and erosion

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90
Q

What type of coastal defences does the Dorset Coats have?

A

Groynes, seawalls, shingle

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91
Q

How does rainfall affect a river landscape?

A

More rain = more discharge = quicker rate of erosion + more load in rivers transported = more discharge

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92
Q

What does more chemical weathering mean for rivers?

A

Less stable valley sides = high mass movement + rockfall = changes river shape

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93
Q

How does temperature affect rivers?

A

<0 = freeze-thaw weathering, >0 = more chemical weathering

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94
Q

How are waterfalls formed? (First step)

A

Waterfalls form where a river flows over an area of HR followed by an area of SR

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95
Q

How are waterfalls formed? (Second step)

A

The SR is eroded by HA and abrasion = creates a step that turns into a steep drop eventually (a waterfall)

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96
Q

How are waterfalls formed? (Third step)

A

The HR is eventually undercut by erosion making it collapse. Those rocks swirl around the foot where they erode the SR via abrasion = plunge pool

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97
Q

How are waterfalls formed? (Forth step)

A

Over time undercutting causes more collapsing = retreat = steep gorges

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98
Q

How are river cliffs formed?

A

The current is faster on the outside of the bend where there is less friction and is deeper = more energy = more erosion

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99
Q

How is a point bar formed?

A

The current is slower and shallower therefore there is more friction = eroded material in deposited = point bar

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100
Q

What part of the river do interlocking spurs from?

A

Upper course of a river as there is it isn’t powerful enough to erode laterally, therefore making the river wined around the hillsides

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101
Q

How are interlocking spurs formed?

A

The river erodes the less resistant rock around the high hillsides

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102
Q

What are flood plains?

A

The wide valley floor on either side of a river which occasionally get flooded

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103
Q

What are levees?

A

Natural embankments along the edges of a river channel

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104
Q

How is a meander formed?

A

Erosion + deposition causes the outside bend to get closer until a small bit of land is between the two bends called a neck

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105
Q

How is an ox-bow lake formed?

A

The river breaks through the neck usually during a flood and deposition eventually cuts off the meander forming an ox-bow lake

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106
Q

How does urbanisation change rivers?

A

Many urban areas have been built on flood plains/they also = impermeable surfaces like tarmac = a lot of surface runoff when it rains. The rain then goes through gutters = high river volume = higher river energy = more erosion + transportation. The river then has to be managed to avoid floods

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107
Q

How does agriculture change rivers?

A

Irrigation = take water from rivers = lowers rivers ability to erode/transport material = high deposits. Ploughing = exposes soil which then gets washed into rivers = high river sediment load = high deposits

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108
Q

How does industry change rivers?

A

Impermeable surfaces = high runoff. High air pollution = acidic water = chem weathering. Dredging (removal of sediment) for boats = deeper river channel = faster flow = high erosion. Motors from boats = disturb water + high erosion

109
Q

What are the three types of hard engineering for rivers?

A

Dams/reservoirs/channelisation

110
Q

What are the two types of soft engineering for rivers?

A

Flood plain zoning/washlands

111
Q

What are dams?

A

Built across rivers as a barrier

112
Q

What are reservoirs?

A

Formed behind a dam

113
Q

What is an advantage of reservoirs?

A

Store water which can be used for drinking water, reduce risk of floods, can be used for hydroelectric power

114
Q

What is a disadvantage to reservoirs?

A

High cost to build, can flood settlements, eroded materials deposited in reservoirs and not on natural course = farmland downstream is less fertile + formation of deposition as landforms is slowed

115
Q

What is channelisation?

A

Making a river channel wider, deeper or straighter by cutting off meanders

116
Q

What is an advantage of channelisation?

A

Lower flood risk as they hold more water and there is a higher water velocity so the water moves out of the area quicker

117
Q

What is a disadvantage of channelisation?

A

More flooding downstream + more erosional landforms

118
Q

What is flood plain zoning?

A

Restrictions preventing building of part of a flood plain that are likely to be affected by floods

119
Q

What is an advantage of flood plain zoning?

A

Low cost, lower flood risk as no impermeable surfaces made, lower impact from floods

120
Q

What is a disadvantage of flood plain zoning?

A

Expansion of urban area is limited, doesn’t provide help for existing areas

121
Q

What is washlands?

A

Areas of floodplains that are deliberately allowed to flood to lower flooding elsewhere

122
Q

What is an advantage of washlands?

A

Stores water when river discharge is high which lowers flood risks = less damage/ provides habitats in the wetland/ low cost

123
Q

What is a disadvantage of washlands?

A

Can’t be used for any other function

124
Q

What are the three names of the cells around the Earth?

A

Polar, Ferrel, Hadley

125
Q

Step 1 of circulation: At the —— the sun —— the Earth, which transfers —— to the air above, causing it to ——.

A

Equator, warms, heat, rise

126
Q

Step 2 of circulation: The air then —— and dries as it moves away from the ——. At —— the air sinks = a —— pressure belt with —— skies and —— rainfall.

A

Cools, equator, 30°, high, cloudless, low

127
Q

Step 3 of circulation: The cool air reaches the ground surface and either moves toward the —— or the ——. Trade —— go towards the ——/from SE to —— hemisphere and NE to Northern hemisphere. Westerlies = —— winds blowing towards the —— (NW to —— hemisphere/ SW to —— hemisphere)

A

Equator, poles, winds, equator, southern, surface, poles, southern, northern

128
Q

Step 4 of circulation: At —— the warmer surface —— meet —— air from the poles. The warmer air is —— dense than cold air so is forced —— = —— pressure + ——

A

60°, winds, colder, less, up, low, rain

129
Q

Step 5 of circulation: At —— cold air lowers = —— pressure. Air is ———— towards areas of —— pressure nearer the —— as surface winds

A

Poles, high, drawn back, lower, equator

130
Q

What do ocean currents do/are?

A

Large scale movements of water that transfer heat energy from warmer to colder regions

131
Q

What are surface currents cause by?

A

Winds which help transfer heat away from the equator

132
Q

What is another way ocean currents are driven by other than winds?

A

Difference in water density

133
Q

How does climate cause higher water density?

A

Water freezes at the poles making the water saltier = high water density

134
Q

What is thermohaline circulation?

A

Denser water sinks, continuing the cycle of the movement of water in a big loop around the Earth

135
Q

What is climate change?

A

Any significant change in the Earth’s climate over a long period

136
Q

What is the quaternary period?

A

2.6 mil yrs ago - today

137
Q

How long to glacial periods usually last?

A

100,000 yrs

138
Q

How long do interglacial periods last?

A

10,000 yrs

139
Q

When was the last glacial period?

A

15,000 urs ago and since temp has rised

140
Q

What are the six pieces of evidence of natural climate change?

A

Ice cores, tree rings, pollen records, milankovitch cycles, solar variation, volcanic activity

141
Q

How do ice cores show evidence of natural climate change?

A

Ice core is made of layers (one for each yr) scientists can analyse the trapped gases in the different layers

142
Q

How do tree rings show evidence of natural climate change?

A

New ring each yr (thicker layer = warm+wet conditions)

143
Q

How do pollen record show evidence of natural climate change?

A

Pollen is preserved in sediment

144
Q

How do milankovitch cycles show evidence of natural climate change?

A

This affects the distance of the Earth from the sun (as the orbit stretches and tilts)

145
Q

How do solar variation show evidence of natural climate change?

A

Sun spots cause by cooler areas of the sun

146
Q

How do cycles volcanic activity show evidence of natural climate change?

A

More eruptions = more ghg + some particals recent sun rays = Earths surface cools

147
Q

What are the four human contributions to climate change?

A

Industry, transport, farming, energy

148
Q

How does industry contribute towards climate change?

A

High energy usage = ghg emissions, industrial waste

149
Q

How does transport contribute towards climate change?

A

Run of fossil fuels = ghg, car ownership has gone up = more cars on the road = even more ghg emissions

150
Q

How does farming contribute towards climate change?

A

Rice paddies + livestock = CH4, trees absorb + store carbon dioxide, clearing trees for agriculture = less CO2 absorption

151
Q

How does energy contribute towards climate change?

A

Releases carbon dioxide when fossil fuels are burnt

152
Q

What are the effects of climate change?

A

Rising sea levels, higher rate of coastal erosion, more floods, drying up of rivers if there is glacial lost = lost ecosystems, droughts = bad for farmers as less yield of maze = food shortages near the equator = malnutrition/ill health/death from starvation

153
Q

When was the Medieval warm period?

A

900-1300

154
Q

When was the little ice age?

A

1700, but in 2000 the temperature started to rise and 1000 was middle temperature

155
Q

What does prevailing wind from the SW bring?

A

Moisture from the Atlantic = more rain in the West from the East

156
Q

What does a higher elevation equal?

A

Lower temp + higher rainfall

157
Q

What are the three causes of the UK’s unique climate?

A

Continentally, the North Atlantic drift, air masses

158
Q

How is the Uk unique climate caused continentally?

A

Islands = lots of water surrounding the land - water cools and warms slower = milder winters and cooler summers

159
Q

How is the Uk unique climate caused by the North Atlantic drift?

A

Ocean current brings warm water to Uk from Caribbean = warmer Uk west coast

160
Q

How is the Uk unique climate caused by air masses?

A

They are determined by temp and water content and the Uk is affected by five different air masses which causes different weather conditions

161
Q

What causes tropical cyclones?

A

Low pressure, warm temp (above 27°) - the moist warm are rises and condenses causing a huge energy release causing powerful storms. The Earths rotation moves in the opposite direction of the cyclone causing the deflation of the wind which causes the storm to spin

162
Q

What shape, how wide, what is the length and direction are tropical cyclones?

A

Circular, 100s km wide, 7-14 days, spin anti clockwise in N hemisphere and clockwise in S hemisphere

163
Q

What is the centre of a tropical cyclone called?

A

Eye

164
Q

How is the severity of a cyclone measured?

A

Measured on the Safari scale from 1 - 5

165
Q

What are the outer edges of a cyclone like?

A

Lower wind speeds, smaller clouds, less intense rain

166
Q

What happens when tropical cyclones hit land?

A

Breached flood defences if surges coincide with high tide, trillions of L of rain a day released, very large rise is sea levels caused by low pressure = flooding/landslides from saturated soil leading to instability

167
Q

What were the social impacts of Hurricane K?

A

71800 killed, 300,000 houses destroyed = homeless

168
Q

What were the economic impacts of Hurricane K?

A

$150 bil in damage, 230,000 jobs lost,

169
Q

What were the environmental impacts of Hurricane K?

A

Coastal habitats lost, damaged oil refineries = oil spills

170
Q

What were the social impacts of Cyclone Nargis?

A

140,000 killed, 450,000 houses destroyed, very poor sanitary conditions = disease

171
Q

What were the economic impacts of C Nargis?

A

65% of rice paddies damaged = lost livelihoods, >$4 bil in damages

172
Q

What were the environmental impacts of C Nargis?

A

38,000 heaters of forest destroyed, flooding caused erosion+salivation of the land

173
Q

What was the individual response to HK?

A

Volunteers help relief efforts

174
Q

What was the organisation efforts to HK?

A

Charities like the Red Cross collected donations to provide aid like hot meals

175
Q

What was the response from individuals to CN?

A

Warnings on TV but they didn’t reach poorer areas = more people killed in those areas, most people had to leave their home and rebuild everything themselves

176
Q

What were organisations response to CN?

A

UN raised $315 mil to provide aid, the World Food Programme distributed >70,000 tones of food

177
Q

What was the government’s response to CN?

A

They were spending more on military and not emergency preparation which lead to a slow response which was less effective, they also initially refused foreign aid which enhanced this

178
Q

What is an arid environment?

A

Very low rainfall (e.g deserts)

179
Q

What does an arid environment result in?

A

Sparse plant growth, short trees, low leaf fall = shallow and non fertile soil

180
Q

How are people and animals in arid environments adapted to survive?

A

Used to hot weather and lower water supply

181
Q

What are droughts?

A

Severe shortage of water in a particular location where the rainfall in below average for a long period of time

182
Q

What are the hazardous effects of droughts?

A

Less water supply to rivers = dead aquatic animals, lakes become stagnant = contamination

183
Q

What is the effect of droughts causing dry vegetation?

A

Wildfires, dried soil = blocks sewage = damages to homes

184
Q

What are the meteorological causes of droughts?

A

Changes in atmospheric circulation causes less rainfall = monsoon rains don’t come in places like India

185
Q

What are the four parts of the hydrological system?

A

Rivers, lakes, aquifers (stores water underground) and reservoirs

186
Q

What are the hydrological causes of droughts?

A

Is areas rely of the hydrological system them warmer + dryer conditions = high chance of droughts as supplies are harder to replenish

187
Q

What are the human causes of droughts?

A

Farming - irrigation + livestock require lots of water, dams cause droughts in other areas, deforestation = less water held in soil + less trees to release moisture in the air which contributes to meteorological drought

188
Q

Where are severe droughts most common?

A

30° N/S of the equator as it is a high pressure belt with low rainfall, these are expected to get worse with climate change

189
Q

How have droughts in Australia impacted people?

A

Farming - lower crop yields + dead livestock = lower income, wildfires (30,000 km2 burnt)

190
Q

How have droughts in Australia impacted ecosystems?

A

Vegetation lost + soil erosion + ecosystems dried up + higher water temps = dead animals + wildfires

191
Q

How have droughts in Ethiopia impacted people?

A

85% depend on agriculture as a main livelihood - 50-90% of crops lost + lack of pasture for livestock = less milk production = lost jobs and widespread food insecurity and malnutrition (70,000 at risk of starvation)

192
Q

How have droughts in Ethiopia impacted ecosystems?

A

Dead plants = less food + less water for wildlife/less vegetation = less habitats = endangers species + makes vulnerable to wildfires, flooding, erosion and desertification making land dry and infertile

193
Q

What was the individual response the Aus droughts?

A

Water saving and jobs provided to suffering farmers

194
Q

What was the organisations response to Aus droughts?

A

Campaigns and drought tolerant varieties of west used

195
Q

What was the government response to Aus droughts?

A

Water conservation measures/ desalination plants

196
Q

What was the individual response to Eth droughts?

A

Migration to less impacted areas

197
Q

What was the organisations response to Eth droughts?

A

Humanitarian aid to fund food, water + meds/ FAO treated ill livestock + helped coordination

198
Q

What was the government response to Eth droughts?

A

Distribution of food from national food reserve/ helped people leave homes + provided them permanent housing

199
Q

How does altitude determine distribution of ecosystems?

A

Higher = colder = less plants

200
Q

How does soil types determine distribution of ecosystems?

A

Peat, clay or thin soils determine plant types

201
Q

What is the climate like in tropical rainforests?

A

Wet and hot

202
Q

What is the climate like in temperate forests?

A

Mild and wet

203
Q

What is the climate like in deserts?

A

Low rainfall

204
Q

What is the climate like in boreal forests?

A

Cold and wet

205
Q

What is the climate like in tropical grassland?

A

Dry

206
Q

What is the climate like in temperate grassland?

A

Hot and cold seasons

207
Q

What is climate like in tundra?

A

Cold and dry

208
Q

How is food provided from the biosphere?

A
209
Q

How are building materials provided from the biosphere?

A
210
Q

How is fuel provided from the biosphere?

A
211
Q

What are the effects of using biofuel?

A

Deforestation for room for crops

212
Q

What are the effects of using hydroelectric dams?

A

Droughts and floods

213
Q

How has water been exploited?

A

Higher demand as higher pop, there is a over exploition happening in arid areas e.g Sahara = damage to biosphere as it take away water from the ecosystem

214
Q

How have minerals been exploited?

A

Rising demand for golf and iron which are often extracted by mining = deforestation + toxic chemicals washed into streams = dead wildlife and destruction of habitats

215
Q

Where are heaths found?

A

Lowland

216
Q

Where are moorlands?

A

Upland

217
Q

Where are wetlands?

A

In floodplains

218
Q

What are heaths?

A

Dry and sandy soil on wet peat

219
Q

What is an advantage of heaths?

A

Provides habitats for rare plants and insects

220
Q

What are moorlands good for?

A

Providing habitats for important animals and grazing animals

221
Q

What are the three characteristics of wetlands?

A

Waterlogged soil, flood seasonally, have anaerobic soils that are acidic due to slowly decomposed veg forming peat

222
Q

What is an advantage to wetlands?

A

Provide habitats and are an ideal breeding condition

223
Q

What is the most important type of woodland?

A
224
Q

What are the three mains trees in a deciduous woodland?

A

Ash, oak, beech

225
Q

What is the soil like in deciduous woodlands?

A

Fertile, thick soil from high decomposition

226
Q

What is a key characteristic of coniferous trees?

A

Don’t lose leafs and are mostly commercial plantations

227
Q

What three resources do marine ecosystems supply?

A

Recreation, energy (natural gas), fishing (industry)

228
Q

What three things is degrading marine ecosystems?

A

Pollution, seabed damage from dredging, fishing

229
Q

What pollution is impacting marine ecosystems?

A

Industrial waste and run-off which is killing marine life

230
Q

How has the seabed been damaged in marine ecosystems?

A

Dredging and fishing with trawl nets/building infrastructure (wind farms)

231
Q

How has fishing degraded marine ecosystems?

A

High demand of fish = higher removal of fish, overfishing = less food resources for predators

232
Q

What are plants like in tropical rainforests?

A

Mostly evergreen trees to take advantage of continual growing season/epiphytes take nutrients and moisture from the air/ very dense and low light

233
Q

What are animals like in tropical rainforests?

A

Lots of animal species which are mostly loud and brightly coloured

234
Q

What are humans like in tropical rain forests?

A

They have adapted to their environment over many generations who lived on the land

235
Q

What are the biotic factors of an interdependent ecosystem?

A

Plants, animals and people

236
Q

What are the abiotic factors of an interdependent ecosystem?

A

Climate, soil, water

237
Q

What is an interdependent ecosystem?

A

If one component changes all of them do

238
Q

What does a reduction of wind mean in an interdependent ecosystem?

A

Less transportation of seeds and therefore a reduction in pollination

239
Q

What is an example of the knock on effect in an interdependent ecosystem?

A

Deforestation = less carbon dioxide absorbed = ghe = cc

240
Q

What is leaching?

A

When nutrients gets washed down through the soil, away from the plants roots

241
Q

What are the four layers of a tropical rainforest?

A

Emergents, main canopy, under canopy, shrub layer

242
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of organisms in a particular area

243
Q

How much of the world’s species are contained in rainforests?

A

50%

244
Q

What are some adaptions of plant in rainforest?

A

Stratifies layers due to light access, buttress roots for stability, drip tips to avoid water damage on plants

245
Q

What are some adaptions of animals in rainforest?

A

Strong limbs for climbing, modified beaks and winds (food, flying under canopies), camouflage to hide from predators

246
Q

How is food provided by rainforests?

A

Animals/plants + meds from chemicals in plants

247
Q

What does timber from rainforests provide?

A

Jobs for locals

248
Q

How do rainforests provide recreation?

A

Very beautiful = people admire + study which provides income to locals from tourists

249
Q

How is the composition of ecosystems threatened in rainforests?

A

Plants there are adapted to moist conditions therefore droughts and wildfires kill the plants

250
Q

How are the ecosystem processes threatened in rainforest?

A

Changing climate = less fruit production = less food supply

251
Q

How is biodiversity in rainforests threatened?

A

Rainforests are highly interdependent = less of vulnerable species

252
Q

What is the economic effect of deforestation?

A

Agriculture - job loss and destruction of farm land/ high resource extraction from felled trees from furniture

253
Q

What is the social effect of deforestation?

A

Higher pop = higher demand for fuel (timber) and materials (timber)

254
Q

How many Km2 is the Amazon?

A

8 mil

255
Q

What are three countries that contain part of the Amazon

A

Brazil, Puru, Colombia ect.

256
Q

What three things is the sustainable management of the Amazon affected by?

A

Governance, commodity value, ecotourism

257
Q

what is governance?

A

The control of rainforests and who has a say in how rainforests are used

258
Q

What is commodity values?

A

How much different goods and services from rainforest are worth

259
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

It minimises damage to the environment and benefits local people

260
Q

What forest has distinct seasons?

A

Deciduous

261
Q

What bars the three elements to the nutrients cycle?

A

Littler, biomass, soil

262
Q

Do deciduous woodlands have more or less biomass and higher or lower rates of nutrient uptake?

A

Less biomass, lower nutrient uptake

263
Q

What 4 goods can deciduous woodlands apply?

A

Timber, fuel, conservation, recreation

264
Q

What are 3 impacts of deciduous woodland ecosystems from climate change?

A

structure, functioning, biodiversity

265
Q

What are the 2 economic causes for deforestation?

A

Timber extraction, agricultural change

266
Q

What is the social cause to deforestation?

A

Urbanisation

267
Q

What is coppicing?

A

Cutting trees at the base to allow for new shoots to grow

268
Q

What are two facts about the Forest of Dean?

A

110km2, 80000 live there

GEOGRAPHY (3 decks)

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