paper 2 Flashcards
evaluate the effectiveness of extrinsic motivation for a beginner in sport (4)
Extrinsic rewards may result in pride which encourage the beginner to try harder to improve (1)
* Performers can become reliant on extrinsic motivation and if it is not given then the beginner may
reduce effort levels or give up completely (1)
* Intrinsic motivation leads to continued participation as the beginner may be making a lot of errors and strives to improve for personal achievement (1)
* Intrinsic is more effective for a beginner as it encourages them to play for the love of the game rather than for rewards or praise (1)
Describe the characteristics of physical health and wellbeing
All body systems working well; free from illness and injury; able to carry out everyday tasks
Describe the characteristics of mental health and wellbeing
Realises their own potential; can cope with the normal stresses of life; can work productively; able to make a contribution to their community
Describe the characteristics of social health and wellbeing
Basic human needs are met; has friendship and support; has some value in society; is socially active; has little stress in social circumstances
Describe the effects of exercise on physical health and wellbeing
Improves heart function; improves efficiency of the body systems; reduces the risk of some illness; able to do everyday tasks; to avoid obesity
Describe the effects of exercise on mental health and wellbeing
Reduces stress/tension; release of feel good hormones (serotonin); able to control emotions
Describe the effects of exercise on social health and wellbeing
Opportunities to socialise/make friends; cooperation; teamwork; have essential human needs (food, shelter, clothing)
Describe the effects of exercise on fitness
Improves fitness; reduces the chances of injury; can aid in the physical ability to work
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
A lifestyle with irregular or no physical activity
Describe some consequences of a sedentary lifestyle
Weight gain/obesity; heart disease; hypertension; diabetes; poor sleep; poor self-esteem; lethargy
What is obesity?
Having a large fat content, with a BMI of over 30
Describe the effects of obesity on physical health
Cancer; heart disease/heart attacks; diabetes; high cholesterol
Describe the effects of obesity on mental health
Depression; loss of confidence
Describe the effects of obesity on social health
Inability to socialise; inability to leave home
What is an ectomorph?
A somatotype characterised by being tall and thin, with narrow shoulders and narrow hips
Describe the effects of obesity on fitness
Limits stamina/cardiovascular endurance; limits flexibility; limits agility; limits speed/power
What is a mesomorph?
A somatotype characterised by a muscular appearance, with wide shoulders and narrow hips
What is an endomorph?
A somatotype characterised by a pear-shaped body, with wide hips and narrow shoulders
Describe the average calorie requirements
The average adult male requires 2500 Kcal per day; the average adult female requires 2000 Kcal per day
Describe the factors affecting calorie requirements
Age; gender; height; energy expenditure (exercise)
What is a balanced diet?
Eating the right amount of calories for the energy expended, and the right food types to provide suitable nutrition
Describe the reasons for a balanced diet
Unused energy is stored as fat, which could cause obesity; suitable energy can be available for activity; the body needs nutrients for energy, growth and hydration
What are carbohydrates?
The main and preferred energy source for all intensities
What is fat?
Another energy source that provides more energy than carbohydrates but only at low intensities
What is protein?
A nutrient for the growth and repair of muscle tissue
What are vitamins?
Organic substances that are required for many essential processes in the body
What are minerals?
Inorganic substances which assist the body with many of its functions
Describe the proportions of a balanced diet
55-60% carbohydrates; 25-30% fat; 15-20% protein
What is hydration?
Having enough water to enable normal functioning of the body
What is dehydration?
Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body
Describe the effects of dehydration
Increased viscosity of blood slows blood flow so the heart has to work harder; increased body temperature may cause overheating; increased reaction time, poorer decisions; muscle fatigue/ cramps
What is a skill?
A learned action/behaviour with the intention of bringing about pre-determined results
What is ability?
Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn/acquire a skill
Describe the characteristics of basic skills
Few decisions to be made; few decisions affect movement success; tend to be taught as a beginner; learned fairly quickly
Describe the characteristics of complex skills
Complex decision making; lots of decisions making to be successful; taught after success in basic skills; can take lots of time to master
Describe the characteristics of open skills
Unstable environment; affected by people around you; skill may change due to environment
Describe the characteristics of closed skills
Stable environment; not affected by people around you; performed the same way every time
Describe the characteristics of self-paced skills
Start of movement controlled by performer; rate of movement controlled by performer
Describe the characteristics of externally-paced skills
Start of movement controlled by external factors; rate of movement controlled by external factors
Describe the characteristics of gross skills
Large movements of the body; use of large muscle groups; movements tend not to rely on accuracy and precision
Describe the characteristics of fine skills
Small and precise movements; use of small muscle groups; movements tend to involve precision and accuracy
Describe the characteristics of outcome goals
Judged on end result; comparison against other competitors; performance standards may not be important; suited to elite performers
Describe the characteristics of performance goals
Focused on how you perform; not comparing your results against others; only analysed against own performances; suited to beginners
What is specific in SMART?
Specific to the sport being played, or movements/muscles used
What is measurable in SMART?
Possible to measure whether it has been achieved
What is accepted in SMART?
Accepted by the performer and possibly their coach
What is realistic in SMART?
Achievable/possible to complete
What is time bound in SMART?
Set over a fixed period of time
What is information processing?
Gathering data from the senses in order to make a suitable decision
What is input in information processing?
Using selective attention to gather information from the environment
What is decision making in information processing?
Selecting an appropriate response from memory
What is output in information processing?
Sending the chosen decision to the appropriate muscles to carry out a response
What is feedback in information processing?
Receiving intrinsic/extrinsic information about the success of the response
Describe the characteristics of extrinsic feedback
Comes from an external source; beginners rely on it heavily as they struggle to interpret their own success of their movement
Describe the characteristics of intrinsic feedback
Performers develop the ability to interpret sensory information; sensing movement of muscles and joints to assess skill success (kinaesthesia)
Describe the characteristics of positive feedback
Informs the athlete what was correct about the movement; given extrinsically; beginners need it to motivate them
Describe the characteristics of negative feedback
Includes information on actions required by performer to achieve the correct movement; given extrinsically; this can demotivate beginners but elite performers can accept it
Describe the characteristics of knowledge of results
How well you achieved your aim; usually given by coach or teacher but may be able to see the success yourself; suited to beginners because it is easier to interpret
Describe the characteristics of knowledge of performance
How well you performed and focusing on technique or specific aspects of your movement; quality of performance, not results; elite athletes can interpret complex feedback on performance so it is suited to them
What is arousal?
A physical and mental state of alertness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
Describe appropriate arousal levels for gross/fine skills
Gross skills have a higher optimal level of arousal; fine skills have a lower optimal level of arousal
What is deep breathing?
A somatic relaxation technique, which involves the performer exaggerates their breaths
What is mental rehearsal?
A cognitive relaxation technique, which involves the performer pictures themselves performing the skill perfectly and imagines positive outcomes
What is positive self-talk?
A cognitive relaxation technique, which involves the performer reassures themself with positive thoughts
What is direct aggression?
Aggression which involves physical contact with others
What is indirect aggression?
Aggression which does not involve physical contact, instead taken out on an object to gain an advantage
Describe the characteristics of introverts
Shy/quiet; thoughtful; enjoy being by themselves
Describe the sport preference of introverts
Tend to play individual sports; suited to fine skills with concentration/precision; prefer low arousal
Describe the characteristics of extroverts
Enthusiastic/talkative; enjoy interaction with others; prone to boredom when by themselves
Describe the sport preference of extroverts
Tend to play team sports; suited to gross skills without concentration/precision; prefer high arousal
What is intrinsic motivation?
The drive that comes from within the performer
What is extrinsic motivation?
The drive to perform well or win in order to gain external rewards
What is visual guidance
When the performer can see something e.g. a diagram, or the coach showing the movement
Strengths of visual guidance
beginners can understand movement pattern
Weaknesses of visual guidance
Needs to be simple and reinforced verbally, ineffective for helping elites improve
What is verbal guidance
When the perfomer can hear instructions from the coach
Strengths of visual guidance
Can give in detal to elites, and other guidance is not needed with it to elites
Weaknesses of visual guidance
Needs visual guidance with verbal for beginners, and needs to be clear
What is manual guidance
When the performer is physically moved by the coach
Strengths of manual guidance
Beginners can understand the feel of the movement, supperted and no risk
Weaknesses of manual guidance
Reliance on the support, reduces kinaesthetic feel of your own movement
What is mechanical guidance
When the performer is assisted by mechanical aids
What is an example of mechanical guidance
A float used in swimming to develop the movement of leg kick
Strengths of mechanical guidance
Performs correct movement if they cannot do it themselves, performer feels safe
Weaknesses of mechanical guidance
Reliance on mechanical aid, not always realistic
Describe the inverted U theory
The performance goes up with arousal until it reaches the optimum level, then when arousal increases the performances decreases because arousal level is too high. When arousal is too low the performance is also low.
What are engagement patterns?
How levels of participation vary over different social groups
Describe some social groups
Gender; race/religion/culture; age; family/friends/peers; disability
Explain how gender affects participation
Much fewer women participate in sport than men; many girls do not see the relevance of sport and think choices in school sport are limited; many girls dislike taking part with boys who play aggressively; many girls feel judged and are therefore embarrassed by how they look; many girls lack positive role models and see that women’s sport usually has a lower status and receives less media coverage; many women have less spare time due to childcare responsibilities
Explain how race/religion/culture affects participation
Black and Minority Ethnic communities have lower rates of participation in sport; this is mostly due to a lack of BME role models involved in leading and organising sport; there may also be cultural stereotypes associated with minority groups
Explain how age affects participation
As people become older, their participation in sport decreases; adolescents undergo rapid physical changes and are conscious of their body image; women may experience changes during menopause which may affect their confidence; older people may experience weight gain and decreased fitness and find it harder to recover; people gain responsibilities as they age and may have less time due to the pressure of exams, a career or a family
Explain how family/friends/peers affect participation
Family members can act as role models in sport for young people; family can provide financial, logistical and emotional support for young people; peer groups can positively or negatively influence participation in sport
Explain how disability affects participation
Disabled participation in sport is significantly lower than able-bodied participation; this is due to physical barriers, logistical reasons or psychological reasons; disabled people can be integrated into mainstream sports or participate in adapted sports
What is commercialisation?
Managing an organisation in a way designed to make a profit
Explain the relationship between the sport, sponsorship and the media
The golden triangle shows the commercial relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media; the media uses sport to get viewers and increase advertising revenue; sponsors pay the media to advertise their brand/products; money from the media and sponsors funds sport to increase its quality
What is sponsorship?
The supply of funds or other support to an organisation in return for some commercial return
What is the media?
Diversified technologies which act as the main means of mass communication
Describe the types of sponsorship
Financial; clothing/equipment/footwear; facilities
Describe the types of media
Television; radio; the press; the internet; social media
Describe the positive impacts of commercialisation on the sport
Raises the profile of the sport due to increased exposure; provides an increased level of funding to improve resources/coaching/facilities; gives the sport financial security; attracts the best players in the world
Describe the negative impacts of commercialisation on the sport
Tends to support the popular sports and causes the less popular sports to lose out; changes to the sport format and rules have been introduced to make the sport audience-friendly; causes an increase in adverts and the loss of some sports traditions
Describe the positive impacts of commercialisation on the sponsor
Raises awareness for their brand/products to increase sales; promotes a positive healthy image of the brand by linking it with sport
Describe the negative impacts of commercialisation on the sponsor
Uncertain investment as sporting success is not guaranteed; bad publicity caused by the sport or performers reflects badly on the sponsor
Describe the positive impacts of commercialisation on the performer
Allows performers to earn income as a full-time job; performers gain maximum exposure to promote their personal brand; can lead to additional roles within the sport after their playing career; performers might be contracted to put in appearances and attend public speaking; relieves financial worries
Describe the negative impacts of commercialisation on the performer
Sponsorships might only be short-term; encourages deviant behaviour due to the pressure of success; performers may have to advertise a brand/product that they do not like; generally favours males over females and able-bodied over disabled
Describe the positive impacts of commercialisation on the official
Income has increased as there is more money in the sport; opened up full-time jobs in elite sports due to the demand; the opportunity to travel around the world
Describe the negative impacts of commercialisation on the official
Placed in the media spotlight over decisions they have made; making bad decisions could cause them to be dropped and find it difficult to find jobs again; severe criticism from the general public
Describe the positive impacts of commercialisation on the spectator
Offers a wider choice of sports available to spectate; viewing experience has been enhanced due to investment in technology and audience participation
Describe the negative impacts of commercialisation on the spectator
Encourages spectating not participating; can become very expensive for fans; can affect the viewing experience due to increased TV breaks and advertisement
Describe the positive impacts of technology on the sport
Analysis of sport improves the quality of feedback given; increased accuracy in time and distance measurements; improved design of sport equipment, clothing and footwear; provides spectators with a greater access to the particular sport
Describe the negative impacts of technology on the sport
Sports are no longer equal due to differences in access to technology; those with access to better technology often win; might take away from the intensity of the game
Describe the positive impacts of technology on the sponsor
Can advertise in more places and more often, leading to more sales
Describe the negative impacts of technology on the sponsor
Negative effects of technology like cheating can affect the associated sponsors;
Describe the positive impacts of technology on the performer
Safety improvements (body protection); nutrition and fitness (software monitors players); injury rehabilitation (ice baths, oxygen tents, hyperbaric chambers); clothing/equipment (full-body suits, tennis rackets, football boots, prosthetics); match analysis (GPS, physiological variables, video analysis)
Describe the negative impacts of technology on the performer
Cost to performers; opposition can use it to analyse weaknesses; performers with less funding may struggle to compete; could lead to more cheating in order to win; physiological tracking invades privacy
Describe the positive impacts of technology on the official
Used to make more accurate decisions; can communicate easily with each other; pressure and criticism are reduced; shot clocks speed up play and make it more exciting; time and score keeping allow officials to focus on officiating
Describe the negative impacts of technology on the official
The danger of becoming over-reliant on the technology; undermines the trust and respect for officials and their expertise; can slow the game too much; cost to install or regularly use the technology
Describe the positive impacts of technology on the spectator
Improved experience from home; a wider range of sports available to watch; camera technology has improved the viewing experience as there are more angles shown at a higher quality; on-screen information makes it more interactive for the fans
Describe the negative impacts of technology on the spectator
Time taken for decisions to be made with technology can be frustrating for spectators; increases the costs for spectators
What is etiquette?
A convention in an activity which is not enforceable but is usually observed
What is sportsmanship?
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport
What is gamesmanship?
Attempting to gain an advantage by bending the rules but not breaking them
What is contract to compete?
The unwritten agreement within sports where participants agree to do their best with a degree of sportsmanship
Describe the advantages of PEDs
Increased chances of success; fame/wealth;
Describe the disadvantages of PEDs
Cheating is immoral; associated health risks; fines/bans; reputational damage to the individual/sport
Describe blood doping
A technique used to increase the amount of red blood cells in the body; red blood cells are removed to be frozen and stored; they are then thawed and reinjected after the body has replenished the lost red blood cells
Describe the positive influence of spectators
The creation of atmosphere motivates the performers; home-field advantages improve the performance of the home team due to more fans
Describe the negative influence of spectators
Negative effect on performance as a result of increased pressure; potential for crowd trouble/hooliganism; safety costs/concerns; negative effect on participation numbers amongst younger performers
Explain some reasons for hooliganism
Rivalries between teams lead to aggression; hype from the atmosphere leads to fans losing control; alcohol/drugs fuels aggression and reduces inhibitions; frustration at the result or a decision can lead to more aggression; display of masculinity to show who is better
Explain some strategies against hooliganism
Early kick-offs reduce the potential for alcohol consumption; all-seater stadia means no fan is getting in the way of another; segregation of fans prevents violence between opposing fans; improved security prevents violence from breaking out; alcohol restrictions mean fans have more control over their inhibitions; travel restrictions ban hooligans from travelling to away fixtures; education/campaigns promote anti-hooliganism
Effect of stimulants
Increased alertness
Effect of narcotic agents
Painkiller to mask injury
Effect of anabolic agents
Increased muscle mass
Effect of peptide hormones
Increases oxygen carrying capacity
Effect of duiretics
Lose weight
Effect of beta blockers
Fine motor control as it decreases heart rate
Effect of blood doping
Increases oxygen carrying capacity
Advantages of stimulants
Decrease reaction time
Advantages of narcotic agents
The pain will not affect performance
Advantages of anabolic agents
Increase hypertrophy and bone growth so athletes can train harder
Advantages of peptide hormones
Increases red blood cell count to improve endurance
Advantages of diuretics
Lose weight quickly by removing excess water and masks other drugs
Advantages of beta blockers
Reduces heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure to improve precision
Advantages of blood doping
Increases red blood cell count to improve endurance
Disadvantages of stimulants
Addictive, insomnia
Disadvantages of narcotic agents
Loss of coordination, risk of long term injuries from playing with injuries
Disadvantages of anabolic agents
High blood pressure endocrine disruption
Disadvantages of peptide hormones
Thickening of blood, body produces the correct amount naturally so it is dusrupting that
Disadvantages of duiretics
Dehydration kidney problems
Disadvantages of beta blockers
Nausea, weakness, heart problems
