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paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define volatility

A

how easy a liquid can turn into a gas

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2
Q

why are smaller alkanes more useful in fuels?

A

as they are more volatile and flammable

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3
Q

define viscosity

A

a measure of the liquids ability to flow

if it is viscous, it is syrupy

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4
Q

how can you separate crude oil?

(into smaller alkanes)

A

fractional distillation

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5
Q

define cracking

and what is the product?

A

breaking down larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones.

alkanes and alkenes

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking?

A

steam
catalytic

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7
Q

what is required for thermal cracking?

A

very high temp and pressure

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8
Q

what is required for catalytic cracking?

A

high temp
Zeolite catalyst

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9
Q

what is the formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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10
Q

what is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

what is the test to distinguish alkanes and alkenes?

A

Add them to bromine water. If an alkene is present the water will go colourless. If an alkane is present, it will stay orange.

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12
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

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13
Q

What is an isomer?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure.

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14
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

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15
Q

what is the formula for carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2n+1

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16
Q

what is the formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1

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17
Q

How can carboxylic acids be formed?

A

via oxidising alcohols

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18
Q

what are polymers?

what are monomers?

A

very long molecules that are made up of repeating units

the repeating units

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19
Q

what is a condensation polymer?

A

A polymer where a small molecule is also made

(monomers react to make the polymer and a small moleculer)

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20
Q

what is the functional group for an amide?

A

-CoNH

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21
Q

what is the functional group for an ester?

A

-COO

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22
Q

what solution is added to copper sulfate to show the copper (ii) ions

A

sodium hydroxide

blue precipitate

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23
Q

define distillation

A

the cooling down of gases, and then the heating of their liquid to separate them based off of boiling point.

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24
Q

why are most gases gases at room temp?

e.g oxygen

A

due to weak intermolecular forces

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25
what is earths source of oxygen?
photosynthesis
26
what is earths source of cabron dioxide?
volcanoes
27
name the 3 greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour
28
what is an alloy?
a mixture of 2 + elements where at least 1 is a metal
29
define a pure substance
a substance which contains only one compound or element
30
What is a formulation? | give an example
mixtures that have been prepared using a specific formula | cleaning agents
31
# this refers to chromatography what is the mobile and stationary phase?
mobile phase-a substance the molecules can move in e.g solvent stationary- a substance the molecules cannot move in e.g the paper
32
describe the method to test for chlorine
1. add damp litmus paper to the test tube with the gas in it. 2. if it turns white, chlorine is present
33
describe the method to test for oxygen
1. add a glowing splint to the test tube with the gas in it 2. if oxygen is present it will re-light
34
describe the method to test for hydrogen
1. slowly place burning splint into test tube with gas in it 2. if hydrogen is present, a squeaky pop noise will be made
35
describe the method to test for carbon dioxide
1. add carbon dioxide to lime water 2. limewater will turn cloudly if CO2 present
36
what is the word equation for the production of ethanol?
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
37
what conditions are needed for fermentation?
addition of yeast absence of oxygen temp of 5-45 degrees
38
why are alkenes able to form polymers, unlike alkanes?
they are unsaturated they are able to bond to other molecules
39
what 3 gases make up our atmosphere? from most to least
nitrogen oxygen argon
40
State two differences between the atmosphere today and the atmosphere of billions of years ago.
amount of CO2 is much lower amount of O2 is much higher
41
what are the 3 ways of measuring the rate of a reaction?
colour change change in mass volume of gas gained or lost
42
what is a homologous series?
compounds with the same functional group
43
why are hydrocarbons used as fuel?
they release a large amount of energy when combusted
44
give 4 factors which affect a chemical rate of reaction
temperature concentration surface area catalyst
45
what does the collision theory state?
for particles to react, they have to collide with sufficient energy
46
what is equilibrium?
where a forwards and backwards reaction occur at the same rate
47
what system is required to reach equilibrium?
a closed system
48
how does the equilibrium shift left or right?
it shifts to the side where there is more of the substance. e.g if there are more products than reactants, it will shift to the right.
49
what is le chateliers principle?
if the conditions of a reversible reaction are changed, the position of the equilibrium will shift to try counteract the change
50
if temperature is decreased in an exothermic reaction, which way will the equilibrium shift?
right
51
give 3 factors which affect the position of equilibrium
temperature pressure concentration
52
what is the difference between saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes) hydrocarbons?
saturated- contains no double bonds unsaturated- contains double bonds
53
what is the word equation for complete combustion?
hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water | producing loads of energy
54
name the steps of fractional distillation
The first step is to heat the crude oil to a very high temperature so that all of the compounds are evaporated from liquid to gas. The hot gaseous hydrocarbons then rise up the fractionating column (because hot gas rises). As they rise, they cool down, because the top of the column is cooler than the bottom. The hydrocarbons will condense when they become cooler than their boiling point, and the liquid hydrocarbons then collect in trays and drain out. The longer chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom of the fractionating column because they have high boiling points. Meanwhile the shorter chain hydrocarbons condense at the top of the column because they have much lower boiling points.
55
what is the word equation for cracking?
long chain alkane= short chain alkane + alkene | balanced
56
what type of reaction is cracking?
thermal decomposition
57
what type of reactions do alkenes create due to their double bond?
addition reactions (double bond breaks)
58
give 2 uses of ethanol
1. alcoholic drinks 2. used as a biofuel
59
why are carboxylic acids weak?
as they dont fully ionise in water
60
what reacts to form an ester?
carboxylic acid and alcohol
61
give 2 properties of esters
1. sweet smelling 2. volatile
62
how are condensation polymers formed?
by reacting dicarboxylic acid and diol monomers
63
why are condensation polymers biodegradeable?
ester links can be broken down by micro-organisms
64
Which monomers combine to form a polypeptide?
amino acids | condensation reaction
65
in paper chromotography, what is the equation for the rf value?
distance travelled by substance/ distance travelled by solvent
66
give 2 solvents usually used in chromotography
1. water 2. ethanol
67
describe the test for carbonates
1. add dilute hcl acid to the sample 2. bubble any gas formed through limewater 3. if carbonate is present, limewater will turn cloudy
68
describe the test for sulfates
1. add dilute hcl acid to sample to remove unwanted ions 2. add barium chloride solution to the sample 3. if sulfates are present there will be a white precipitate
69
describe the test for halide ions
1. add dilute nitric acid to remove unwanted ions 2. add silvernitrate to sample 3. if chloride ions present: white precipitate 4. if bromide ions present: cream precipitate 5. if iodide ions present: yellow precipitate

chemistry (6 decks)

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