Paper 2 Flashcards
Environmental continuum
Is the skill affected by the environment
Yes - open (pass in football)
No - Closed (tennis serve)
Muscular involvement continuum
How large are the muscle movements
Gross - hammer throw
fine - fast spin bowler
Continuity continuum
Does it have a clear end and beginning
Yes - discrete (penalty)
Slightly - serial (trampoline routine)
No - continuous (butterfly swim)
Pacing continuum
Is the movement controlled by the performer
Yes - self paced (tennis serve)
No - externally paced (windsurfing)
Difficulty Contiunuum
How much info does the player need to process
None - simple (100m freestyle swim)
Lots - complex (tennis serve)
Organisation continuum
Are the sub routines easily broken down
Yes - low (gymnastics sequence)
No - high (golf swing)
Skill definition?
A learned action or behaviour, with the intention of bringing about a pre-determined result, with maximum certainty or minimum outlay of time and energy.
Ability definition?
An inherited, stable trait that determines an individuals potential to learn or acquire a skill.
Skill = ?
Ability + fundamental motor skill**
**run, walk, jump, catch, throw
Part practice?
The skill is broken down into smaller parts and each part is practiced in isolation before being joined together.
Whole practice?
The skill is practiced in its entirety. Often used for discrete or continuous skills.
Whole-part-whole practice?
presented with overall picture of skill, then focus on individual parts, then return to whole skill.
Progressive part practice?
Multi-part skill and parts are learned, then combined sequentially.
Massed practice?
Long practice periods without rest where the skill is repeated continuously.
Distributed Practice?
Intervals given between practice for rest or mental rehearsal.
Fixed practice?
the whole movement of a skill is repeatedly practiced in the same way so it becomes learnt.
Varied practice?
Repeating the skill in a variety of situations which suits the development of open skills.
Types of ability - Gross motor ability?
Innate characteristics for performing large muscle group movements.
eg. strength + speed for rugby tackle
Psychomotor Ability?
Processing information related to movement; putting decisions into actions
eg. reaction time to return a serve
Perceptual Ability?
The ability to sense and interpret information
eg. players around you in a game
Cognitive phase of learning?
Beginner
Uses models and positive feedback when successful
Learner creates a mental picture
Demonstrations and verbal explaination a are important
Trial and error learning takes place
Associative Phase of learning?
Focus on movement
Practice phase
Autonomous Phase of learning?
Elite level
automatic action
notice environmental aspects too
noticed tactics and strategy’s
Positive Transfer of learning ?
When knowing a skill benefits and enhances another skill
Negative transfer of learning
When a skill can lead to poor habits in another skill
Bilateral Transfer?
Encouragement of limb to limb transfer (right and left)
Pro active transfer of learning
When a skill affects a skill yet to be learned.
Retroactive transfer of learning
A skill influences a skill already learnt
Positive feedback
Skill performed correctly with successful outcome.
Essential feedback for beginners
Can be intrinsic (kinaesthesia) or extrinsic (coach)
Negative feedback
Picking a weakness and correcting the fault
Easily demotivates performers
Usually extrinsic
Extrinsic feedback
Feedback from another person eg, coach, peer, parent
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback from the inside using proprioceptors
and the kinaesthetic feel.
Knowledge of performance.
Knowledge gained through feedback, coach video or self analysis about performance and technique.
Knowledge of results.
Results given to the performer which can be analysed and compared to previous
Terminal Feedback
Feedback at the end of a performance
Concurrent Feedback
Feedback during a performance
Operant conditioning?
- S-R bonds
-Trial and error**
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-punishment
