Paper 1 Flashcards
Define Force
A push or pull that alters the state or motion of a body
Define Inertia
The resistance of the body to change its state of motion either stationary or whilst moving
Define Velocity
The rate of a change in displacement. This term is closely linked to speed, but also includes a directional element.
Define Momentum
The quantity of motion possessed by a moving body
Define Acceleration
The rate of change in velocity
Velocity formula?
Velocity = displacement / time taken
Momentum formula?
Momentum = mass x velocity
Acceleration Formula?
Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken
Newtons 1st Law
Law of Inertia :
A body will remain in a state of rest of uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external force.
Newtons 2nd Law
Law of Acceleration:
A body’s rate of change of momentum is proportional to the size of the force applied and acts in the same direction as the force applied.
Newtons 3rd Law
Law of Reaction:
For every action (force applied) to a body there is an equal and opposite reaction.
What is the axial skeleton
Central
Appendicular Skeleton?
Limbs (legs and arms)
Function of a long bone
- movement
- leverage
- support
- red blood cell production
Function of a short bone
- fine or small movements
- shock absorption
-stability - weight bearing
function of a flat bone
- attachment for muscles
- protection
function of a sesamoid bone
- protection
-reduction of friction across a joint
function of an irregular bone
- protection (spinal cord)
- movement
Vertebral Column in order? (top to bottom)
Cervical (Lordosis) [7]
Thoracic (Kyphosis) [12]
Lumbar (Lordosis) [5]
Sacral (Kyphosis) [5]
Coccyx (Tailbone) [4]
Flexion defenition
Reducing the angle at a joint (eg bending the knee or elbow)
Extension Defenition
Increasing the angle at a joint (eg straightening the knee or elbow)
Adduction?
Moving a body part towards the centre of the body
Abduction?
Moving a body part away from the centre of the body
Rotation?
Turning or twisting a body part
Clockwise (external or lateral)
Anti-clockwise (internal or medial)
Dorsi-flexion?
Decreases joint angle to tibia (toes up)
Plantar flexion?
Increases joint angle away from tibia (toes down)
Horizontal flexion?
Limb is parallel to the ground, Joint moves closer to the midline of the body
Horizontal Extension?
Limb is parallel to the ground, joint moves further from the midline of the body
What is a hinge joint?
Allow movement in one direction only
eg. Elbow, knee
sp eg. bicep curl, running
What is a ball and socket joint?
Round end of a bone fits into a cup shaped socket
Allows movement in all directions
eg. Hip, shoulder
sp eg. running, javelin
What is a condyloid joint?
A bump (condyle) on one bone sits in the hollow formed by another
Moves forwards, backwards and side to side
Ligaments prevent rotation
Eg. wrist
sp eg. dribbling in basketball
What is a gliding joint?
Allow movement over a flat surface in all directions
Movement restricted by ligaments
eg. carpals, tarsals
sp eg. Netball jump (foot pointed down)
What is a pivot Joint?
Circular bone fits over the peg of another bone
allows controlled rotational movement
eg. neck atlas and axis
sp eg. spotting a pirouette in dance
What is a saddle joint?
Similar to condyloid but surfaces are concave and convex
Shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on top.
eg. thumb
sp eg. holding racket in tennis
Fibrous joint?
immovable eg. cranium
Cartilaginous joint?
slightly movable eg. vertebrae
Synovial joint?
Freely moveable eg. knee
Tendons?
Connect muscle to bone ( non elastic )
Ligaments?
connects bone to bone ( elastic )
Bursa?
(Synovial) fluid filled sac providing a cushion between tendons and bones, preventing friction.
Cartilage?
On the ends of bones, providing a smooth cover to absorb shock and prevent bones rubbing.
Synovial membrane?
capsule lining that releases synovial fluid
Synovial fluid?
Viscous liquid that lubricates joints and reduces friction between bones.
Isometric contraction?
Tension produced but no change in muscle length
sp eg. Handstand, plank, rugby scrum
Isotonic contraction?
Tension produced with a change of muscle length
sp eg. kick a football, cricket bowl, bicep curl
Isotonic CONCENTRIC Contraction?
Muscle shortens
Isotonic ECCENTRIC Contraction?
Muscle Lengthens
Agonist muscle?
Contracts and shortens
Causes or controls movement
Antagonist Muscle?
Relaxes and lengthens
Allows movement to occur
Sagital plane?
Sagital - Side - left and right divide (VERTICAL)
(flexion + extension)
sp eg. walking, squatting, lunging
Frontal Plane?
Frontal - front - anterior and posterior divide (VERTICAL)
(adduction/ abduction) (lateral flex/ lateral exten)
- shoulder press, side lunge, hip abduction
Transverse plane?
Transverse - top and twisting - superior and inferior divide (HORIZONTAL)
(rotation) (horizontal flex / horizontal exten)
-spinal rotation, rear fly, pec fly
Fixator definition?
Serves as a stabiliser of one part of the body during the movement of another part
Syngerist Definition ?
Associates with the movement itself
Acts around a moveable joint to produce motion similar to agonist muscles
Insertion Definition?
Refers to a muscles distal attachment, the end of the muscle - furthest from the torso
Origin Definition?
Refers to the end of a muscle, generally where it attaches to a bone
Motor Neurone definition?
A cell of the central nervous system
Action potential?
Described as a sudden change or reversal in the membrane potential above a threshold value.
Axon?
Part of the neuron that carries impulses away the cell body
Neuromuscular Junction?
the connecting area between the end of a motor neuron and a muscle
Synaptic cleft?
Space between two neurons
Acetylcholine?
Chemical synapse between an axon terminal and skeletal muscle fibre
All or none law?
A muscle fibre will either fully contract or not at all
Stimulation of muscle fibre.
Neuron sends action potential down the axon.
Reaches synaptic cleft where acetylcholine is produced.
If there’s enough acetylcholine, action potential will pass over to the muscle fibre and it will contract fully.
Muscle Fibres - Type I
Slow oxidative (slow twitch)
eg. marathon
Type IIa
Fast oxidative glycotic (fast twitch)
eg. 800m
Type IIb
Fast Glycotic (fast twitch)
eg. 100m
Voluntary muscle fibre?
(Aka skeletal muscle)
Enables movement
Attached to bones
Moves bones under conscious control
Involuntary muscle fibre?
(aka smooth muscle)
Maintains body systems
Works without conscious control
Found in and around organs and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle fibre?
Makes heart pump
contracts without conscious thought or effort
Forms around the walls of the heart chambers
Pathway of blood? Start at the body.
begin with deoxygenated blood
BODY, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve (semi-lunar), pulmonary artery, LUNGS
gas exchange occurs*
*now oxygenated blood
LUNGS, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve (semi-lunar), aorta, BODY
Name and define two circuits of the circulatory system?
- Pulmonary Circuit.
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
carries oxygenated blood back to the heart - Systemic Circuit.
carries oxygenated blood to the body
carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Conduction system of the heart?
- SA node
- AV node
- Bundle of His
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibres
SA node?
(Aka pacemaker)
Located in right atrial wall
Generated electrical impulse and fires it through atria walls, causing contraction
AV Node?
collects impulse and delays it for APPROX 0.1 SECS
to allow atria to finish contacting
Bundle of His?
Located in septum of the heart
Separates the impulse into 2
Bundle branches?
Carey the impulse to the base of each ventricle
Purkinje fibres?
Distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract.
