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A Level PE > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Force

A

A push or pull that alters the state or motion of a body

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2
Q

Define Inertia

A

The resistance of the body to change its state of motion either stationary or whilst moving

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3
Q

Define Velocity

A

The rate of a change in displacement. This term is closely linked to speed, but also includes a directional element.

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4
Q

Define Momentum

A

The quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

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5
Q

Define Acceleration

A

The rate of change in velocity

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6
Q

Velocity formula?

A

Velocity = displacement / time taken

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7
Q

Momentum formula?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

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8
Q

Acceleration Formula?

A

Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken

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9
Q

Newtons 1st Law

A

Law of Inertia :

A body will remain in a state of rest of uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external force.

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10
Q

Newtons 2nd Law

A

Law of Acceleration:

A body’s rate of change of momentum is proportional to the size of the force applied and acts in the same direction as the force applied.

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11
Q

Newtons 3rd Law

A

Law of Reaction:

For every action (force applied) to a body there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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12
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

Central

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13
Q

Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Limbs (legs and arms)

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14
Q

Function of a long bone

A
  • movement
  • leverage
  • support
  • red blood cell production
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15
Q

Function of a short bone

A
  • fine or small movements
  • shock absorption
    -stability
  • weight bearing
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16
Q

function of a flat bone

A
  • attachment for muscles
  • protection
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17
Q

function of a sesamoid bone

A
  • protection
    -reduction of friction across a joint
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18
Q

function of an irregular bone

A
  • protection (spinal cord)
  • movement
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19
Q

Vertebral Column in order? (top to bottom)

A

Cervical (Lordosis) [7]
Thoracic (Kyphosis) [12]
Lumbar (Lordosis) [5]
Sacral (Kyphosis) [5]
Coccyx (Tailbone) [4]

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20
Q

Flexion defenition

A

Reducing the angle at a joint (eg bending the knee or elbow)

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21
Q

Extension Defenition

A

Increasing the angle at a joint (eg straightening the knee or elbow)

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22
Q

Adduction?

A

Moving a body part towards the centre of the body

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23
Q

Abduction?

A

Moving a body part away from the centre of the body

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24
Q

Rotation?

A

Turning or twisting a body part
Clockwise (external or lateral)
Anti-clockwise (internal or medial)

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25
Q

Dorsi-flexion?

A

Decreases joint angle to tibia (toes up)

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26
Q

Plantar flexion?

A

Increases joint angle away from tibia (toes down)

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27
Q

Horizontal flexion?

A

Limb is parallel to the ground, Joint moves closer to the midline of the body

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28
Q

Horizontal Extension?

A

Limb is parallel to the ground, joint moves further from the midline of the body

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29
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Allow movement in one direction only
eg. Elbow, knee
sp eg. bicep curl, running

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30
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

Round end of a bone fits into a cup shaped socket
Allows movement in all directions
eg. Hip, shoulder
sp eg. running, javelin

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31
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

A bump (condyle) on one bone sits in the hollow formed by another
Moves forwards, backwards and side to side
Ligaments prevent rotation
Eg. wrist
sp eg. dribbling in basketball

32
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

Allow movement over a flat surface in all directions
Movement restricted by ligaments
eg. carpals, tarsals
sp eg. Netball jump (foot pointed down)

33
Q

What is a pivot Joint?

A

Circular bone fits over the peg of another bone
allows controlled rotational movement
eg. neck atlas and axis
sp eg. spotting a pirouette in dance

34
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Similar to condyloid but surfaces are concave and convex
Shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on top.
eg. thumb
sp eg. holding racket in tennis

35
Q

Fibrous joint?

A

immovable eg. cranium

36
Q

Cartilaginous joint?

A

slightly movable eg. vertebrae

37
Q

Synovial joint?

A

Freely moveable eg. knee

38
Q

Tendons?

A

Connect muscle to bone ( non elastic )

39
Q

Ligaments?

A

connects bone to bone ( elastic )

40
Q

Bursa?

A

(Synovial) fluid filled sac providing a cushion between tendons and bones, preventing friction.

41
Q

Cartilage?

A

On the ends of bones, providing a smooth cover to absorb shock and prevent bones rubbing.

42
Q

Synovial membrane?

A

capsule lining that releases synovial fluid

43
Q

Synovial fluid?

A

Viscous liquid that lubricates joints and reduces friction between bones.

44
Q

Isometric contraction?

A

Tension produced but no change in muscle length
sp eg. Handstand, plank, rugby scrum

45
Q

Isotonic contraction?

A

Tension produced with a change of muscle length
sp eg. kick a football, cricket bowl, bicep curl

46
Q

Isotonic CONCENTRIC Contraction?

A

Muscle shortens

47
Q

Isotonic ECCENTRIC Contraction?

A

Muscle Lengthens

48
Q

Agonist muscle?

A

Contracts and shortens
Causes or controls movement

49
Q

Antagonist Muscle?

A

Relaxes and lengthens
Allows movement to occur

50
Q

Sagital plane?

A

Sagital - Side - left and right divide (VERTICAL)
(flexion + extension)
sp eg. walking, squatting, lunging

51
Q

Frontal Plane?

A

Frontal - front - anterior and posterior divide (VERTICAL)
(adduction/ abduction) (lateral flex/ lateral exten)
- shoulder press, side lunge, hip abduction

52
Q

Transverse plane?

A

Transverse - top and twisting - superior and inferior divide (HORIZONTAL)
(rotation) (horizontal flex / horizontal exten)
-spinal rotation, rear fly, pec fly

53
Q

Fixator definition?

A

Serves as a stabiliser of one part of the body during the movement of another part

54
Q

Syngerist Definition ?

A

Associates with the movement itself
Acts around a moveable joint to produce motion similar to agonist muscles

55
Q

Insertion Definition?

A

Refers to a muscles distal attachment, the end of the muscle - furthest from the torso

56
Q

Origin Definition?

A

Refers to the end of a muscle, generally where it attaches to a bone

57
Q

Motor Neurone definition?

A

A cell of the central nervous system

58
Q

Action potential?

A

Described as a sudden change or reversal in the membrane potential above a threshold value.

59
Q

Axon?

A

Part of the neuron that carries impulses away the cell body

60
Q

Neuromuscular Junction?

A

the connecting area between the end of a motor neuron and a muscle

61
Q

Synaptic cleft?

A

Space between two neurons

62
Q

Acetylcholine?

A

Chemical synapse between an axon terminal and skeletal muscle fibre

63
Q

All or none law?

A

A muscle fibre will either fully contract or not at all

Stimulation of muscle fibre.
Neuron sends action potential down the axon.
Reaches synaptic cleft where acetylcholine is produced.
If there’s enough acetylcholine, action potential will pass over to the muscle fibre and it will contract fully.

64
Q

Muscle Fibres - Type I

A

Slow oxidative (slow twitch)
eg. marathon

65
Q

Type IIa

A

Fast oxidative glycotic (fast twitch)
eg. 800m

66
Q

Type IIb

A

Fast Glycotic (fast twitch)
eg. 100m

67
Q

Voluntary muscle fibre?

A

(Aka skeletal muscle)
Enables movement
Attached to bones
Moves bones under conscious control

68
Q

Involuntary muscle fibre?

A

(aka smooth muscle)
Maintains body systems
Works without conscious control
Found in and around organs and blood vessels

69
Q

Cardiac muscle fibre?

A

Makes heart pump
contracts without conscious thought or effort
Forms around the walls of the heart chambers

70
Q

Pathway of blood? Start at the body.

A

begin with deoxygenated blood

BODY, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve (semi-lunar), pulmonary artery, LUNGS

gas exchange occurs*

*now oxygenated blood

LUNGS, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve (semi-lunar), aorta, BODY

71
Q

Name and define two circuits of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary Circuit.
    carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
    carries oxygenated blood back to the heart
  2. Systemic Circuit.
    carries oxygenated blood to the body
    carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
72
Q

Conduction system of the heart?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibres
73
Q

SA node?

A

(Aka pacemaker)
Located in right atrial wall
Generated electrical impulse and fires it through atria walls, causing contraction

74
Q

AV Node?

A

collects impulse and delays it for APPROX 0.1 SECS
to allow atria to finish contacting

75
Q

Bundle of His?

A

Located in septum of the heart
Separates the impulse into 2

76
Q

Bundle branches?

A

Carey the impulse to the base of each ventricle

77
Q

Purkinje fibres?

A

Distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract.

A Level PE (3 decks)

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