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edexcel b geography > paper 2 > Flashcards

paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the social impacts of river flooding?

A
  • death/ injury
  • damage to infrastructure
  • floodwater contaminated with sewage= lack of clean drinking water
  • damaged possessions/ are washed away
  • homelessness
  • businesses shut down = loss of livelihoods
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2
Q

What are the three main rock types?

A
  • igneous
  • sedimentary
  • metamorphic
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3
Q

How do rock types vary?

A

How they are formed, their characteristics and their appearance

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4
Q

What will these rock characteristics impact?

A

How the rock survives under erosional and weathering processes

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5
Q

Define igneous rocks.

A

Rocks that form when magma from mantle cools down and hardens

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6
Q

longshore drift

A

The movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming into shore at an angle. the uk moves material from west to east

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7
Q

how are beaches formed

A

when material is transported by longshore drift and deposited by constructive waves.

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8
Q

where are sandy beaches found

A

sheltered bays, they have shallow gradients

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9
Q

describe a spit, and explain its formation

A

narrow ridge of shingle stretching out into coastline, forms due to longshore drift at a change of coastline. shingle gets deposited

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10
Q

tourism affecting the coastline

A

coasts often managed for tourists (with groynes etc)

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11
Q

infrastructure affecting the coastline

A

roads/railways/shipping ports/oil refineries.

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12
Q

construction affecting the coastline

A

dredging the sea to construct ports can have adverse affects on wildlife. they can also adjust the sediment cells

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13
Q

agriculture affecting the coastline

A

farmland will be impacted due to sea level rise because of increased coastal erosion because it’s low economic value and low priority in management

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14
Q

what is a storm/storm surge

A

large increase in sea level due to a storm. strong winds drive up the waves, whilst low pressure allows the sea level to rise up 3m above normal.

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15
Q

hold the line

A

maintain the existing coastline with defences

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16
Q

managed realignment

A

allow the shoreline to change naturally, but manage the process and the impacts

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17
Q

advance the line

A

build new defences on the seaward side

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18
Q

sea wall

A

-protects base of cliff. made of resistant concrete that deflects energy
-expensive and ugly, restricts access

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19
Q

groynes

A

-maintain a wide beach and attract tourists
-high maintenance cost, could impact other areas of coastline in sediment starvation

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20
Q

beach replenishment

A

-looks natural, attracts tourists, cheap
-material easily eroded and needs constant replenishment

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21
Q

waves

A

caused by friction that is generated when wind blows across the surface of the sea

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22
Q

destructive waves

A

strong winds, powerful waves, cause coastal erosion. tall, steep. backwash stronger than swash, so material is carried out to sea

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23
Q

constructive waves

A

light winds, cause deposition not erosion. stronger swash, so material is deposited on the beach

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24
Q

attrition

A

small rocks collide with eachother. break up, becoming smaller and rounder, until the rock becomes sand

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25
Q

abrasion

A

rocks thrown against the coastline. wears the coastline away over time

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26
Q

hydraulic action

A

large waves break against the cliff. water forced into the faults/cracks causing immense pressure. when it is released, it produces a force that makes the crack wider.

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27
Q

solution

A

chemicals in the sea react with the rock so it dissolves. occurs mainly with limestone.

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28
Q

discordant coastline

A

bands of different rock strengths run 90degrees to coastline. in dorset, clay, chalk and limestone form a discordant coastline

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29
Q

concordant coastline

A

bands of rock run parallel to the coastline

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30
Q

headland

A

rocks of higher resistance erode slower. as a result, high resistance rocks protrude out producing headlands

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31
Q

bays

A

formed in the same way as headland. constructive waves often bring sediment to form a beach.

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32
Q

cliffs

A

made through the process of hydraulic action and abrasion. destructive waves create a wave cut notch. as the notch gets eroded, the cliffs above become unstable, collapse, and are removed by waves

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33
Q

wave cut platform

A

below a wave cut notch, an area of exposed rock is left, which is not smooth. it continues to get eroded

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34
Q

cave

A

destructive waves break against the cliff face. hydraulic action widens the crack, eventually widening enough to form a cave

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35
Q

arch

A

waves erode the cave via abrasion and hydraulic action, which cause them to break through the middle of it forming an arch

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36
Q

stack

A

continued erosion on the base of the arch weakens it until the roof collapses, leaving a stack like Old Harry Dorset

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37
Q

mechanical weathering-freeze thaw

A

water enters cracks and in cold climates, freezes, expanding by around 10%. pressure weakens the cliff face.

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38
Q

chemical weathering

A

acid rain contains carbonic acid which dissolves limestone

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39
Q

biological weathering

A

roots of plants and trees, burrowing animals and nesting birds all weaken the rock

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40
Q

slumping

A

after rainfall, permeable rock becomes heavy and slips to a permeable rock in rotations

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41
Q

rock falls

A

sudden fall of rocks often due to prior weathering or growing a wave cut notch which resulted in an unstable cliff face

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42
Q

sliding

A

same as slumping but occurs on a bedding plane or a flat surface

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43
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

layers ontop of eachother, trapped water squeezed out

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44
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

rocks that change via heat/pressure
granite-gneiss
shale-slate

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45
Q

igneous rocks

A

intrusive magma cools inside volcano, big grains-granite
extrusive lava forms outside volcanoes small grains-basalt, pumice

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46
Q

uk rock types

A

tees exe line-
north/west=more faults, more resistant, granite
south/east=less resistant, chalk, clay, limestone

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47
Q

tectonic processes

A

in the pennines the UK’s plate moved north away from the tropics , which uplifted rock from beneath the sea to form land.

48
Q

plucking

A

base of a glacier melts because of pressure and friction. water freezes in cracks and when glacier moves, it leaves behind chunks.

49
Q

how do u-shape valleys form

A

ice sheets and glaciers alter v shaped valleys into u shaped valleys and leave behind post-glacial rivers

50
Q

the lake district

A

upland
-igneous/metamorphic
-highest point=scaffell pike at 980m
-freeze thaw weathering
-landslides common
-river misfits deposited alluvium in valley bottoms making them fertile for farming

51
Q

human alteration to the yorkshire dales

A

-cleared rocks made dry-stone walls
-norse settlers farmed areas and cleared glacial rocks for farming in the 8th century

52
Q

human alteration to south downs

A

-arable farming on lower slopes became mini ecosystems for animals
-large leaved lime woodland now cleared
-3 towns attract walkers and riders

53
Q

drainage basin of a river

A

source
tributary
confluence
drainage basin
watershed
main river channel
mouth

54
Q

tributary

A

river or stream flowing into a larger river

55
Q

confluence

A

the junction of two rivers, where one meets another

56
Q

drainage basin

A

the area of land drained by a river

57
Q

watershed

A

area of land which separates water flowing into different rivers

58
Q

lower course

A

-large discharge
-wide
-deep
-high velocity
-huge sediment load
-small particles

59
Q

middle course

A

-medium discharge
-increasing width and depth, velocity and sediment load
-decreasing particle size because of attrition

60
Q

upper course

A

-shallow
-little discharge
-low velocity
-low sediment load
-large sediment particle size

61
Q

suspension

A

light material carried by a river

62
Q

saltation

A

small pebbles and stones bounce along the riverbed

63
Q

traction

A

large boulders rolled along the riverbed

64
Q

delta formation

A

-river splits into dis-tributaries
-bars build up in the middle of the main channel
-river slows as it approaches the sea and the river becomes less efficient because the hydraulic radius drops

65
Q

surface runoff

A

rain that flow over land before reaching a channel

66
Q

groundwater flow

A

part of streamflow infiltrated ground has entered an been discharged into the stream channel via seepage water

67
Q

interception zone

A

rain never enters soil because it is intercepted by trees

68
Q

transpiration

A

plants absorb water and give off vapour

69
Q

infiltration

A

water on ground enters soil

70
Q

natural levee formation

A

-form beside the river bank where it first floods
-river reaches bankful and deposits sediment where flow is slower, building a bank

71
Q

artificial levee formation

A

built by engineers to prevent flooding

72
Q

slow mass movement

A

soil creep dislodges tiny particles to move down

73
Q

rapid mass movement

A

landslides and mudflows because sides are steeper, and rainfall

74
Q

v shaped valley formation

A

As the river erodes vertically down over it leaves behind valley sides that are shaped like a letter V. This is because as it erodes straight down it leaves very steep valley sides that are then attacked by weathering processes such as freeze thaw and biological weathering. This weakens the valley sides which may collapse or move down slope due to mass movement processes such as slumping or soil creep. The river can then erode this material and move it away, leaving behind the characteristic V shape.

75
Q

interlocking spur formation

A

-as river cuts vertically into the limestone, it produces steep sides and winds around areas of more resistant rock
-produces ridges of land which jilt into the river valley, looking interlocked

76
Q

floodplain formation

A

-lateral erosion causes meanders to migrate across a valley floor and make it wide and flat
-floodwaters spread across the valley floor
-less energy for transport and alluvium deposited

77
Q

meander formation

A

-heliocidal flow means thalweg moves laterally
-thalweg directed to outside of the bend, undercutting the bank and creating a river cliff
-sediment deposition caused by slow flow on outer bend

78
Q

flood relief channel

A

diverts river. very expensive

79
Q

dredging

A

increases channel depth
increases flood risk downstream

80
Q

levees

A

allow safer riving nearby. very expensive

81
Q

flood walls

A

useful, cheap, one off, useful for cramped cities

82
Q

river channel restoration

A

meanders built to slow down water. improved ecology

83
Q

floodplain retention

A

lowering floodplain

84
Q

population growth in london caused by

A

1.rising birth rate because of more 20s mothers, women from the 70s choosing to have children in their 40s and migrant women having higher fertility rates
2.net immigration

85
Q

main causes of large immigrations

A

1-EU membership, allowing free movement between other countries
2-globalisation-london’s knowledge economy attracting highly qualified/skilled workers

86
Q

characteristics of the rural periphery

A

-low population density
-older populations
-lower incomes (farming/tourism, seasonal and minimum wage)
-high transport cost
-migration away of younger people

87
Q

enterprise zones to reduce urban/rural differences

A

-uk government offers help with startup costs, access to superfast broadband and reduced profit tax
-24 in 2015
-driving force of local economies, create jobs
-attract more FDI, bring jobs across England

88
Q

UK regional development grants reducing differences between rural and urban areas

A

-available over more of the UK with most in scotland, ireland and wales.
-include grants to help businesses start up.

89
Q

change in industrial structure over time

A

1918- construction reduced because of WW1
1981-energy and water employment went down because coal mines shut own

90
Q

the domino effect

A

in the 1960’s over 100k men worked in coal mining in yorkshire. coal was supplied to steelworks in sheffield, and used in shipbuilding.
-as one industry collapses, it leads to the collapse of others. this led to de-industrialisation across the north of england

91
Q

jobs in yorkshire in the 90s

A

mainly mining and coal, now nobody mines
however, the brass band has a 1m recording contract

92
Q

changes to the UKs primary and secondary sectors since 1980

A

-jobs in primary sector halved
-coal mine employees were 250,000 in the 70s, now 4000.
-farming lost 100,000 jobs from 1980 to 2015

93
Q

the new economy

A

-london involved in more globaltrade and investment and has a huge number of quaternary and tertiary jobs

94
Q

the knowledge economy

A

-requires degrees, specialist training etc.

95
Q

the new rural economy

A

-wifi makes it easier for people in rural areas to work in an urban setting

96
Q

situation of london

A

-wide, flat floodplain to build on
-vulnerable to flooding
-timezone allows trade with the whole world at some point during the day

97
Q

why has immigration become an economic necessity for london

A

-skilled workers take up well payed jobs in the knowledge economy in the city.
-london companies employ people with specific skills from overseas.

98
Q

how does migration affect different boroughs

A

-african/carribean migrants move into cheaper boroughs like newham/lambeth increasing diversity
-non diverse areas are like chelsea where house prices are higher

99
Q

newham

A

-9,372/32,844 most deprived
-65%black, african, carribean, asian.
-64% government aided housing
-38% child poverty rate
-

100
Q

richmond

A

-16,291/32,844 least deprived
-middle class, skilled pop, high income

101
Q

why did industry and shipping decline in london

A

-containerisation common since 70s
-now ships too big for the shallow london port
-industries that relied on the port have to relocate
-manufacturing employees fell from 30% in 1970 to 7% today

102
Q

brownfield sites

A

former industrial areas that have been developed before

103
Q

regeneration

A

redeveloping former industrial areas

104
Q

studentification

A

the change of an area because of the increase in students/schools/student flats

105
Q

gentrification

A

older run down areas become culturally desirable

106
Q

pros of a greenbelt

A

lack of greenfield sites mean brownfield sites are more likely to be developed
-they have stopped urban sprawl to help conserve rural areas

107
Q

cons of a greenbelt

A

they can be partly blamed for high house prices
they create longer commuter journeys

108
Q

how is reurbanisation happening in london

A

-closure of docks made space for new development
-large TNC investment like HSBCs global HQ
-gentrification
-studentification

109
Q

sustainability stool

A

environmental, social, economic

110
Q

sustainability quadrant

A

equity-does it benefit everyone
futurity-will it last
environmental-is it eco friendly
public participation-is it bottom up

111
Q

london improving employment

A

-working at home encouraged by many companies. amount doubled from 4-8%in 2012

112
Q

london improving energy efficient housing

A

bedZED in sutton promotes energy conservation in 100 apartments and houses, and workplaces. 81% less energy for heating, 45% less electricity and 60% less water. recycle 60% waste.

113
Q

650,000daily commuters to london

A

pros- creates building jobs, meets demands for jobs
cons-pressure to build houses, increased congestion, rise in house prices

114
Q

cornwall situation

A

-12th largest county in UK but only 140people/km^2
-poor transport links: no motorway
-4.5m visitors contribute to 25% GDP

115
Q

cornwall problems

A

-38% villages have a doctors office
-nearest hospital could be 30 miles away
-buses only serve 70% rural villages
-students may have to travel 30miles to sixth form

116
Q

the eden project

A

-geothermal power license provised 4000 homes with electricity
-but, 97% visitors arrive by car, and there are few return visitors

edexcel b geography (3 decks)

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