Paper 2 Flashcards
Population density
The average number of people in a given area per km2
Population/area
Urban core
Urban area more than 10,000 people
Igneous rocks
The earths oldest rocks, made from lava that has cooled down
Sedimentary rocks
Formed from sediment eroded and deposited by rivers.
Metamorphic rocks
Sedimentary rocks that have been heated and compressed. This makes them more resistant
Examples of igneous rocks
Basalt
Granite
Examples of sedimentary rocks
Shale
Limestone
Chalk
Clay
Sandstone
Example of metamorphic rocks
Slate
Marble
Freeze thaw action
Water becomes trapped in cracks in rocks
The water freezes and expands
Then the ice melts
The process repeats, weakening the rocks
Rock fall
Fragments of rocks break away from the cliff face due to weathering
Landslide
Blocks of rock slide downhill
Mudslide
Saturated soil flows down a slope
Slumping
Saturated soil slumps along a curved surface
Formation of Malham cove
In the Carboniferous period, the uk was covered by sea. Coral skeletons formed strata and were turned into rocks by the cementation of calcium carbonate
Tectonic processes- tilted the strata creating the steep edge
Glaciation - rivers eroded into them creating valleys, and the last ice age deepened the valley
Yourkshire dales
Had limestone in the valley sides and boulders left from glaciation - good building stone for field boundaries
Flat relief in the bottom of valleys
Lived in houses built of stone
Sheep farming, because it was too cold to grow crops
Isolated farm structure instead of villages
East anglia
Geology is mainly sand and clay, till.
Produces fertile soil for crop farming, but nothing strong enough for building
Hedges used as field boundaries
Older building were made of flint that was in the chalk
Scarp and vale
Erosion leaves alternate strata of more and less resistant rock
Resistant rock like chalk forms steep escarpments
Behind the escarpment, there is a dip slope
Softer clays form vales
Bradshaw model
Discharge, width,depth, velocity and load increases downstream
Particle size, bed roughness and gradient decreases downstream
Transportation
Traction- large boulders are rolled
Saltation- smaller pebbles are bounced
Suspensions- smaller particles are suspended in the water
Solution- dissolved sediment carries in water
Waterfalls
Water goes over hard and soft rock
Soft rock is vertically eroded
Hydraulic action causes a plunge pool to form
Constant erosion of soft rocks means there’s no support for the overhang so it collapses into the plunge pool
Retreats backwards
Meanders formation
Meander is a slight bend on the river
Water travels faster on the outside of the bend, causing erosion through abrasion
On the inner bend, the river is through helicoidal flow, it takes the sediment from the outer bend and deposits it on the inner bend
Oxbow lake
When a river continues to erode its meander, there is only a small piece of land between the neck of the meander
This erodes, and the river takes the faster route straight, and the meander becomes an oxbow lake
Levees
During a flood thick sediment is deposited near the bank, and the smaller sediment is deposited further from the bank.
Causes of flooding
Impermeable rock makes more surface run-off so more flooding
Too hard dry soil means that the water can’t infiltrate
Too saturated soil means the water can’t infiltrate anymore and the soil can’t hold any more water
Deforestation means there’s nothing to intercept precipitation
Steep slopes means water runs down them more so there’s more surface run-off
Ways that human activity affect the coast line
Housing
Offices
Agriculture
Industry like oil
What forms at a discordant coastline
Headlands and bays
Formation of headlands and bays
At a discordant coastline there are alternate bands of hard and soft rock perpendicular to the sea
Soft rock is eroded more quickly which forms of Bay and the hard rock juts out forming a headland
What forms at a concordant coastline
Coves like Lolworth Cove
Formation of a cove
There are layers of soft rock and a hard rock parallel to the sea the sea of roads the hard rock until it finds a crack that it can reach the soft rock which arose rapidly forming a Cove
Coastal erosion features
Stacks and stumps and wave cut platforms
How are stacks and stumps formed
In a cliff there is a crack of weakness which is eroded by hydraulic action into a cave which is eroded more into an arch which eventually becomes a stack and that falls to become a stump
Depositional
Spits, bars, salt marshes
How are spits and bars formed
Longshore drift move sediment along the beach
Sound builds up behind a headland
More sand gets deposited and carries on past the headland forming a spit
A salt marsh forms behind the spit
The spit extends out the whole bay and joins the other side creating a bar
What is a Tombolo
A Tombolo is when the sand deposited joins to a piece of land that isn’t connected to the original piece of land
Storm surges in East Anglia
Causes- melting ice and heating oceans increases volume of oceans
Effects- 1600km coastline damaged
40,000 homeless
60 deaths
Hard engineering for rivers
Dams levees flood barriers dredging flood walls
Soft engineering for rivers
Flood plain zoning
Afforestation
New ham
Very diverse
Mostly rented
Low quality jobs
Diverse in religions
Lambeth
Relatively diverse
140 languages
Income varies
Richmond
High income
White middle class
Birth rate low
Lots of care homes
Deprivation in london
New ham is more deprived than Richmond
Higher infant mortality
Premature deaths
Not well educated
London decline
Stratford had low employment
Online shopping
Bedzed
In beddington
Energy efficient appliances
Reduce bills by 45%
Sharing transport
Insulation
Problems- boiler doesn’t work
Water isn’t adequately cleaned
Terling
Near Essex
People live here to commute into London
Cheaper property
Less infrastructure
Lack of resources and funding
Ageing population
Less jobs
Met office moving to Devon
New jobs
New road infrastructure
More space for them
Cheaper land
High population of retired people
House prices have exploded
Cornwall
Tourism related jobs
Hospital is miles away
No knowledge economy
Low weekly wage
Abandoned quarries
New opportunities in Cornwall
Eden project
Eden project
Generated 2 billion for the economy
Educational charity
Provides jobs
Gives reason to visit Cornwall
Expands into other businesses
Rebranding and regeneration
London docklands- regenerated into Canary Wharf, financial district, brought jobs, made living there more expensive
Olympic park- had funding to regenerate east London (Stratford) built the park which became a leisure area afterwards and the athletes village became homes
Provided jobs, had new infrastructure, and gave a better reputation
Decline of old economy
Dinnington
Primary employment of coal mining, but now there is no coal mining and it has been turned into a retail park. Not many new jobs
Now they have transportation services and call centres, but nothing highly skilled
7 domains of deprivation
Income
Crime
Employment
Education
Health
Environment
Barriers to housing
Boscastle
Torrential rain- saturated soil 2004
84 wrecked cars
2 billion worth of damages
Improved the flood defences
Somerset levels
Future flooding
Had serious floods in 2014
Low lying land
235% more rainfall
More storms
More gales
High tidal surges
Less dredging
Defences didn’t work
