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Geography > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population density

A

The average number of people in a given area per km2
Population/area

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2
Q

Urban core

A

Urban area more than 10,000 people

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3
Q

Igneous rocks

A

The earths oldest rocks, made from lava that has cooled down

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4
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Formed from sediment eroded and deposited by rivers.

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5
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Sedimentary rocks that have been heated and compressed. This makes them more resistant

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6
Q

Examples of igneous rocks

A

Basalt
Granite

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7
Q

Examples of sedimentary rocks

A

Shale
Limestone
Chalk
Clay
Sandstone

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8
Q

Example of metamorphic rocks

A

Slate
Marble

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9
Q

Freeze thaw action

A

Water becomes trapped in cracks in rocks
The water freezes and expands
Then the ice melts
The process repeats, weakening the rocks

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10
Q

Rock fall

A

Fragments of rocks break away from the cliff face due to weathering

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11
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of rock slide downhill

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12
Q

Mudslide

A

Saturated soil flows down a slope

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13
Q

Slumping

A

Saturated soil slumps along a curved surface

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14
Q

Formation of Malham cove

A

In the Carboniferous period, the uk was covered by sea. Coral skeletons formed strata and were turned into rocks by the cementation of calcium carbonate
Tectonic processes- tilted the strata creating the steep edge
Glaciation - rivers eroded into them creating valleys, and the last ice age deepened the valley

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15
Q

Yourkshire dales

A

Had limestone in the valley sides and boulders left from glaciation - good building stone for field boundaries
Flat relief in the bottom of valleys
Lived in houses built of stone
Sheep farming, because it was too cold to grow crops
Isolated farm structure instead of villages

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16
Q

East anglia

A

Geology is mainly sand and clay, till.
Produces fertile soil for crop farming, but nothing strong enough for building
Hedges used as field boundaries
Older building were made of flint that was in the chalk

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17
Q

Scarp and vale

A

Erosion leaves alternate strata of more and less resistant rock
Resistant rock like chalk forms steep escarpments
Behind the escarpment, there is a dip slope
Softer clays form vales

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18
Q

Bradshaw model

A

Discharge, width,depth, velocity and load increases downstream
Particle size, bed roughness and gradient decreases downstream

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19
Q

Transportation

A

Traction- large boulders are rolled
Saltation- smaller pebbles are bounced
Suspensions- smaller particles are suspended in the water
Solution- dissolved sediment carries in water

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20
Q

Waterfalls

A

Water goes over hard and soft rock
Soft rock is vertically eroded
Hydraulic action causes a plunge pool to form
Constant erosion of soft rocks means there’s no support for the overhang so it collapses into the plunge pool
Retreats backwards

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21
Q

Meanders formation

A

Meander is a slight bend on the river
Water travels faster on the outside of the bend, causing erosion through abrasion
On the inner bend, the river is through helicoidal flow, it takes the sediment from the outer bend and deposits it on the inner bend

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22
Q

Oxbow lake

A

When a river continues to erode its meander, there is only a small piece of land between the neck of the meander
This erodes, and the river takes the faster route straight, and the meander becomes an oxbow lake

23
Q

Levees

A

During a flood thick sediment is deposited near the bank, and the smaller sediment is deposited further from the bank.

24
Q

Causes of flooding

A

Impermeable rock makes more surface run-off so more flooding
Too hard dry soil means that the water can’t infiltrate
Too saturated soil means the water can’t infiltrate anymore and the soil can’t hold any more water
Deforestation means there’s nothing to intercept precipitation
Steep slopes means water runs down them more so there’s more surface run-off

25
Q

Ways that human activity affect the coast line

A

Housing
Offices
Agriculture
Industry like oil

26
Q

What forms at a discordant coastline

A

Headlands and bays

27
Q

Formation of headlands and bays

A

At a discordant coastline there are alternate bands of hard and soft rock perpendicular to the sea
Soft rock is eroded more quickly which forms of Bay and the hard rock juts out forming a headland

28
Q

What forms at a concordant coastline

A

Coves like Lolworth Cove

29
Q

Formation of a cove

A

There are layers of soft rock and a hard rock parallel to the sea the sea of roads the hard rock until it finds a crack that it can reach the soft rock which arose rapidly forming a Cove

30
Q

Coastal erosion features

A

Stacks and stumps and wave cut platforms

31
Q

How are stacks and stumps formed

A

In a cliff there is a crack of weakness which is eroded by hydraulic action into a cave which is eroded more into an arch which eventually becomes a stack and that falls to become a stump

32
Q

Depositional

A

Spits, bars, salt marshes

33
Q

How are spits and bars formed

A

Longshore drift move sediment along the beach
Sound builds up behind a headland
More sand gets deposited and carries on past the headland forming a spit
A salt marsh forms behind the spit
The spit extends out the whole bay and joins the other side creating a bar

34
Q

What is a Tombolo

A

A Tombolo is when the sand deposited joins to a piece of land that isn’t connected to the original piece of land

35
Q

Storm surges in East Anglia

A

Causes- melting ice and heating oceans increases volume of oceans
Effects- 1600km coastline damaged
40,000 homeless
60 deaths

36
Q

Hard engineering for rivers

A

Dams levees flood barriers dredging flood walls

37
Q

Soft engineering for rivers

A

Flood plain zoning
Afforestation

38
Q

New ham

A

Very diverse
Mostly rented
Low quality jobs
Diverse in religions

39
Q

Lambeth

A

Relatively diverse
140 languages
Income varies

40
Q

Richmond

A

High income
White middle class
Birth rate low
Lots of care homes

41
Q

Deprivation in london

A

New ham is more deprived than Richmond
Higher infant mortality
Premature deaths
Not well educated

42
Q

London decline

A

Stratford had low employment
Online shopping

43
Q

Bedzed

A

In beddington
Energy efficient appliances
Reduce bills by 45%
Sharing transport
Insulation

Problems- boiler doesn’t work
Water isn’t adequately cleaned

44
Q

Terling

A

Near Essex
People live here to commute into London
Cheaper property

Less infrastructure
Lack of resources and funding
Ageing population
Less jobs

45
Q

Met office moving to Devon

A

New jobs
New road infrastructure
More space for them
Cheaper land
High population of retired people
House prices have exploded

46
Q

Cornwall

A

Tourism related jobs
Hospital is miles away
No knowledge economy
Low weekly wage
Abandoned quarries

47
Q

New opportunities in Cornwall

A

Eden project

48
Q

Eden project

A

Generated 2 billion for the economy
Educational charity
Provides jobs
Gives reason to visit Cornwall
Expands into other businesses

49
Q

Rebranding and regeneration

A

London docklands- regenerated into Canary Wharf, financial district, brought jobs, made living there more expensive

Olympic park- had funding to regenerate east London (Stratford) built the park which became a leisure area afterwards and the athletes village became homes
Provided jobs, had new infrastructure, and gave a better reputation

50
Q

Decline of old economy

A

Dinnington
Primary employment of coal mining, but now there is no coal mining and it has been turned into a retail park. Not many new jobs

Now they have transportation services and call centres, but nothing highly skilled

51
Q

7 domains of deprivation

A

Income
Crime
Employment
Education
Health
Environment
Barriers to housing

52
Q

Boscastle

A

Torrential rain- saturated soil 2004
84 wrecked cars
2 billion worth of damages
Improved the flood defences

53
Q

Somerset levels

A

Future flooding
Had serious floods in 2014
Low lying land

235% more rainfall
More storms
More gales
High tidal surges
Less dredging
Defences didn’t work

Geography (7 decks)

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