Paper 1 Unit 1 Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

1. make red blood cells
2. store minerals
3. protect organs
4. support
5. movement
6. shape/points for attachment

Question 2

what is cartilage?

Answer 2

cartilage is smooth, fibrous tissue that covers the ends of the bones in the joint to prevent them from rubbing together/creating friction

Question 3

what is a bursa

Answer 3

a thin sac of synovial fluid which sit between the surfaces of tendons, ligaments and the joint capsule. they reduce the friction generated by soft tissue during movement

Question 4

what is synovial fluid

Answer 4

synovial fluid lubricates the joint to allow bones to move past/around each other smoothly

Question 5

what is synovial membrane

Answer 5

it is the tissue that lines the inside of the joint capsule and it produces synovial fluid

Question 6

what is the joint capsule

Answer 6

the joint capsule is fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint. it adds strength and protection to the joint.

Question 7

what are ligaments

Answer 7

ligaments are strand of thick fibrous tissue that connect bones together. they provide protection to the joint and ensure that the bones do not move unintentionally when moving and become damaged

Question 8

which parts of the synovial joint help to reduce friction

Answer 8

bursae, synovial fluid and cartilage

Question 9

why is reducing friction important in sport?

Answer 9

frictionless, pain free movement is needed for endurance sports so they can conserve energy and make it last longer at higher intensities

Question 10

which structures in a synovial joint help with joint stability

Answer 10

ligaments, joint capsules (together help keep the shape of the joint)

Question 11

why is joint stability important in sport?

Answer 11

to stop bones moving in unsafe directions, especially in multi-directional and dynamic sports (eg. rock climbing, rugby)

Question 12

which components of a synovial joint help with shock absorption

Answer 12

cartilage, bursae and ligaments

Question 13

why is shock absorption important in sport?

Answer 13

the elastic nature of the joint components helps to dissipate the shock so the eventual force that reaches the bone is less, so its less likely to cause damage. this is especially useful in high impact sports such as long jump.

Question 14

what is the function of short bones

Answer 14

to stabilise a joint (eg. tarsals, carpals)

Question 15

what is the function of long bones

Answer 15

to produce large movements (eg. femur, humerus)

Question 16

what is the function of flat bones

Answer 16

to protect organs (eg. sternum protects heart and lungs)

Question 17

what is the function of irregular bones

Answer 17

they have specialised shapes to suit their purpose (eg. vertebrae to protect spine)

Question 18

what connects muscles to bones

Answer 18

tendons

Question 19

what movement do hinges joints allow

Answer 19

movement in 2 directions- flexion and extension

Question 20

what movement do ball and socket joints allow?

Answer 20

multi-directional movement (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation)

Question 21

examples of hinge joints

Answer 21

elbow, knees ankle

Question 22

examples of ball and socket joints

Answer 22

hip and shoulder

Question 23

define adduction

Answer 23

the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

Question 24

define abduction

Answer 24

the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Question 25

define extension

Answer 25

the movement of a joint which increases the angle of a joint

Question 26

define flexion

Answer 26

the movement of a limb which decreases the angle of a joint

Question 27

define rotation

Answer 27

the movement of a limb in a complete circle at a joint

Question 28

examples of flat bones

Answer 28

scapula, sternum, pelvis, ribs

Question 29

what are the two main types of muscle contraction?

Answer 29

isotonic and isometric

Question 30

what is an isotonic contraction and what are the two different types

Answer 30

isotonic contractions occur when a muscle contracts and changes length

-isotonic concentric
- isotonic eccentric

Question 31

what is the difference between isotonic concentric and isotonic eccentric muscle contractions ( give examples)

Answer 31

isotonic concentric- muscle shortens, becomes fatter (upwards phase of a bicep curl)

isotonic eccentric- muscle lengthens whilst under tension, works to resist force of gravity (eg downwards phase of a bicep curl)

Question 32

what is an isometric muscle contraction

Answer 32

when the muscle produces tension but stays the same length, when the body is in a fixed position (eg. crucifix in gymnastics)

Question 33

what is the agonist?

Answer 33

the muscle that contracts

Question 34

what is the antagonist

Answer 34

the muscle that relaxes or lengthens

Question 35

what is the simple pathway of air

Answer 35

mouth/nose - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

Question 36

what are the 2 roles of haemoglobin

Answer 36

-carry carbon dioxide
-combine with oxygen in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin

Question 37

what are the 6 adaptations of alveoli that assist in gaseous exchange

Answer 37

-large surface area
-moist, one cell thick walls
-short diffusion distance
-surrounded by lots of capillaries
-large blood supply
-movement of gases from high to low concentration

Question 38

what is plantar flexion

Answer 38

pointing your toes (movements of pointing the toes away from the body)