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Biology > Paper 1 topics > Flashcards

Paper 1 topics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is diffusion?

A

when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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2
Q

what is active transport?

A

when a substance is moved from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

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3
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water

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4
Q

what is transpiration?

A

when water is constantly evaporating from the surfaces of leaves

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5
Q

what is translocation?

A

the movement of sugars and other molecules through the phloem tissue

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6
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell that has its genetic material in a nucleus, contains cytoplasm and has a cell membrane

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7
Q

what are the parts of an animal cell?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus

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8
Q

what do plant cells have that animals cells don’t?

A

cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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9
Q

what are examples of specialised animal cells?

A

nerve cells, sperm cells, muscle cells

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10
Q

what are examples of specialised plant cells?

A

root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells

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11
Q

what are xylem cells? (what they look like, what they do, etc.)

A
  • found in the stem
  • transport water and dissolved
    minerals to the leaves
  • no internal structures => easier
    for water and dissolved
    minerals to flow
  • 2 thick walls containing lignin
    => supports the plant
  • lignin kills xylem so there are
    the remains of end walls along
    the the thick walls
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12
Q

what are phloem cells? (what they look like, what they do, etc.)

A
  • carry dissolved sugars up and
    down the plant
  • has a companion cell with
    everything it needs (cos its
    lonelyyyy)
  • has sieve plates => allows
    dissolved sugars to flow easily
  • has a phloem vessel cell => has
    no nucleus and limited
    cytoplasm
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13
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a cell that doesn’t have its genetic material enclosed in a nucleus, only contains a single strand of DNA, contains cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a cell wall, and 1 or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

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14
Q

what are plant walls made of?

A

cellulose

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15
Q

how are sperm cells adapted to their functions?

A
  • long tail that whips side to side to help the sperm move
    as fast as possible
  • lots of mitochondria in the middle section to provide
    the tail with the energy to swim
  • acrosome (front of sperm) full of digestive enzymes to
    break through outer layers of egg
  • large nucleus containing genetic information to pass
    onto egg
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16
Q

how are nerve cells adapted to their functions?

A
  • lots of dendrites to make connections with other nerve
    cells
  • axon to carry nerve impulses from one place to
    another
  • synapses to pass impulses to another cell or between a
    nerve cell and a muscle in the body
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17
Q

how are muscle cells adapted for their functions?

A
  • contain special proteins that slide over each other,
    causing them to contract
  • many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for
    the cells to contract
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18
Q

what are the 2 types of microscopes called?

A
  • light microscope
  • electron microscope
19
Q

what are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A
  • limited resolution
  • limited magnification
20
Q

what are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • greater resolution
  • greater magnification
21
Q

what does resolution mean?

A

how clear the image you’re looking at is

22
Q

what does magnification mean?

A

how large the image you’re looking at is

23
Q

what is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / object size

24
Q

what is binary fission?

A

when 1 bacterial cell divides into 2

25
Q

how often does binary fission take place?

A

every 20 mins

26
Q

what are the limiting factors for binary fission?

A
  • the amount of nutrients
  • the temperature
27
Q

how should you use a light microscope for the required practical?

A
  • place slide on stage
  • use clips to hold slide in place
  • select the lowest power objective lens (4x)
  • make sure the objective lens almost touches the slide
  • use the course focusing dial to see the slide
  • do this until the cells are in focus
  • use the fine focusing dial to bring the cells into clear
    focus
  • to find the total magnification, multiply the
    magnification of the eyepiece lens (10) with the lowest
    objective lens (4)
  • now we can repeat the experiment with a higher
    objective lens
  • draw a labelled diagram of the plant and animal cells
    that were seen
  • remember to label the magnification scale
28
Q

how do you find the magnification scale?

A

measure the diameter of the field of view in millimetres

29
Q

what is the method for culturing microorganisms? (include the reasons why we do certain things as well)

A
  • clean the bench with disinfectant solution => kills
    microorganisms that could contaminate the culture
  • sterilise an inoculating loop by passing it through a
    bunsen burner flame
  • open a sterile agar plate near a bunsen burner flame => flame kills bacteria in the air
  • use the loop to evenly spread the bacteria on the agar
    gel
  • place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotics on
    the plate
  • incubate the place at 25°C
  • leave for a couple days/decided time
  • the area around the filter paper disks with no
    bacteria on them is called the ‘ZONE OF INHIBITION’
  • measure the effect of the antibiotic by finding the area
    of the zone of inhibition
  • this can be done by using the formula area of a circle =
    πr²
30
Q

what is the cell cycle of mitosis?

A
  • DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
    and cell itself also grows and copies the internal
    structures
  • one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the
    cell, and the nucleus divides as well
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical
    cells
31
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell which can develop into many different types of cells in the body

32
Q

how are embryonic stem cells used?

A
  • after an ovum (unfertilised female gamete) becomes an embryo, it goes through mitosis and forms a ball of cells.
  • while still going through mitosis, they also change and begin to form specialised cells (e.g. nerve cells, muscle cells, etc.)
33
Q

where can stem cells in adults be found?

A

in the bone marrow

34
Q

how can stem cells from embryos be used?

A

they can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

35
Q

what can stem cells from adult bone marrow be used for?

A

they can form many types of cells including red blood cells

36
Q

where can stem cells be found in plants?

A

in the meristem tissue

37
Q

what can plant stem cells in the meristem tissue be used for?

A
  • to clone a rare plant to stop it from going extinct
  • clone crops with special characteristics for farmers
38
Q

what conditions can stem cells be used for as treatment to help patients?

A
  • diabetes
  • paralysis
39
Q

what is the process of therapeutic cloning?

A
  • an embryo is produced with the same genes as the
    patient
  • stem cells from the embryo can be transplanted into
    the patient without a risk of being rejected by their
    immune system
  • once inside the patient, the stem cells can differentiate
    into whatever cells need to be replaced
40
Q

what are some problems with therapeutic cloning?

A
  • some people may have ethical or religious objections
  • potential risk of transfer of viral infection
41
Q

what are some of the substances transported by diffusion?

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
    these are both in gas exchange
  • urea
    this is for excretion through the kidney
42
Q

what are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • surface area
43
Q

how is the small instestine adapted for the greatest rate of

A

Biology (2 decks)

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