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Paper 1 topics Flashcards

1
Q

what is diffusion?

A

when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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2
Q

what is active transport?

A

when a substance is moved from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

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3
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water

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4
Q

what is transpiration?

A

when water is constantly evaporating from the surfaces of leaves

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5
Q

what is translocation?

A

the movement of sugars and other molecules through the phloem tissue

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6
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell that has its genetic material in a nucleus, contains cytoplasm and has a cell membrane

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7
Q

what are the parts of an animal cell?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus

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8
Q

what do plant cells have that animals cells don’t?

A

cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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9
Q

what are examples of specialised animal cells?

A

nerve cells, sperm cells, muscle cells

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10
Q

what are examples of specialised plant cells?

A

root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells

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11
Q

what are xylem cells? (what they look like, what they do, etc.)

A
  • found in the stem
  • transport water and dissolved
    minerals to the leaves
  • no internal structures => easier
    for water and dissolved
    minerals to flow
  • 2 thick walls containing lignin
    => supports the plant
  • lignin kills xylem so there are
    the remains of end walls along
    the the thick walls
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12
Q

what are phloem cells? (what they look like, what they do, etc.)

A
  • carry dissolved sugars up and
    down the plant
  • has a companion cell with
    everything it needs (cos its
    lonelyyyy)
  • has sieve plates => allows
    dissolved sugars to flow easily
  • has a phloem vessel cell => has
    no nucleus and limited
    cytoplasm
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13
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a cell that doesn’t have its genetic material enclosed in a nucleus, only contains a single strand of DNA, contains cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a cell wall, and 1 or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

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14
Q

what are plant walls made of?

A

cellulose

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15
Q

how are sperm cells adapted to their functions?

A
  • long tail that whips side to side to help the sperm move
    as fast as possible
  • lots of mitochondria in the middle section to provide
    the tail with the energy to swim
  • acrosome (front of sperm) full of digestive enzymes to
    break through outer layers of egg
  • large nucleus containing genetic information to pass
    onto egg
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16
Q

how are nerve cells adapted to their functions?

A
  • lots of dendrites to make connections with other nerve
    cells
  • axon to carry nerve impulses from one place to
    another
  • synapses to pass impulses to another cell or between a
    nerve cell and a muscle in the body
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17
Q

how are muscle cells adapted for their functions?

A
  • contain special proteins that slide over each other,
    causing them to contract
  • many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for
    the cells to contract
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18
Q

what are the 2 types of microscopes called?

A
  • light microscope
  • electron microscope
19
Q

what are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A
  • limited resolution
  • limited magnification
20
Q

what are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • greater resolution
  • greater magnification
21
Q

what does resolution mean?

A

how clear the image you’re looking at is

22
Q

what does magnification mean?

A

how large the image you’re looking at is

23
Q

what is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / object size

24
Q

what is binary fission?

A

when 1 bacterial cell divides into 2

25
how often does binary fission take place?
every 20 mins
26
what are the limiting factors for binary fission?
- the amount of nutrients - the temperature
27
how should you use a light microscope for the required practical?
- place slide on stage - use clips to hold slide in place - select the lowest power objective lens (4x) - make sure the objective lens almost touches the slide - use the course focusing dial to see the slide - do this until the cells are in focus - use the fine focusing dial to bring the cells into clear focus - to find the total magnification, multiply the magnification of the eyepiece lens (10) with the lowest objective lens (4) - now we can repeat the experiment with a higher objective lens - draw a labelled diagram of the plant and animal cells that were seen - remember to label the magnification scale
28
how do you find the magnification scale?
measure the diameter of the field of view in millimetres
29
what is the method for culturing microorganisms? (include the reasons why we do certain things as well)
- clean the bench with disinfectant solution => kills microorganisms that could contaminate the culture - sterilise an inoculating loop by passing it through a bunsen burner flame - open a sterile agar plate near a bunsen burner flame => flame kills bacteria in the air - use the loop to evenly spread the bacteria on the agar gel - place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotics on the plate - incubate the place at 25°C - leave for a couple days/decided time - the area around the filter paper disks with no bacteria on them is called the 'ZONE OF INHIBITION' - measure the effect of the antibiotic by finding the area of the zone of inhibition - this can be done by using the formula area of a circle = πr²
30
what is the cell cycle of mitosis?
- DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome and cell itself also grows and copies the internal structures - one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, and the nucleus divides as well - cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells
31
what is a stem cell?
an undifferentiated cell which can develop into many different types of cells in the body
32
how are embryonic stem cells used?
- after an ovum (unfertilised female gamete) becomes an embryo, it goes through mitosis and forms a ball of cells. - while still going through mitosis, they also change and begin to form specialised cells (e.g. nerve cells, muscle cells, etc.)
33
where can stem cells in adults be found?
in the bone marrow
34
how can stem cells from embryos be used?
they can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells
35
what can stem cells from adult bone marrow be used for?
they can form many types of cells including red blood cells
36
where can stem cells be found in plants?
in the meristem tissue
37
what can plant stem cells in the meristem tissue be used for?
- to clone a rare plant to stop it from going extinct - clone crops with special characteristics for farmers
38
what conditions can stem cells be used for as treatment to help patients?
- diabetes - paralysis
39
what is the process of therapeutic cloning?
- an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient - stem cells from the embryo can be transplanted into the patient without a risk of being rejected by their immune system - once inside the patient, the stem cells can differentiate into whatever cells need to be replaced
40
what are some problems with therapeutic cloning?
- some people may have ethical or religious objections - potential risk of transfer of viral infection
41
what are some of the substances transported by diffusion?
- oxygen - carbon dioxide these are both in gas exchange - urea this is for excretion through the kidney
42
what are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
- concentration gradient - temperature - surface area
43
how is the small instestine adapted for the greatest rate of

Biology (2 decks)

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