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biology 2022 paper 1 > Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Non-communicable diseases AND Topic 3 Infection & response - Communicable diseases (IV form) > Flashcards

Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Non-communicable diseases AND Topic 3 Infection & response - Communicable diseases (IV form) Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the symptoms of HIV

A

Flu-like symptoms

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2
Q

Which type of tumour is not cancerous?

A

Benign - as it is not capable of spreading to other rissues

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3
Q

Explain what a parasite is

A

Parasites live on or inside other organisms and cause them harm by damaging their cells

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4
Q

How can measles be prevented?

A

By having a vaccination

Usually given as a Mumps, Measles and Rubella (MMR) vaccine

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5
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that spreads a pathogen or parasite to another organism

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6
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A mass of cells dividing uncontrollably but the mass of cells stays in one location

It does NOT invade other tissues

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7
Q

Describe how measles is spread

A

An infected person cough or sneezes

This releases viral particles in droplets into the air

An uninfected person inhales the droplets containing the viral particles

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8
Q

What is meant by the term metastasis?

A

The ability for cells to break off a tumour and spread in the blood to a different location

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9
Q

What is meant by the term health?

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

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10
Q

Does a correlation prove that one variable causes the change in the other variable?

A

No

Correlations do not prove cause or effect

They ONLY show a pattern between the 2 data sets

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11
Q

Describe the problems with using mosquito nets help prevent the spread of malaria

A

Not everyone has access to mosquito nets

Some people do not want to use them as they find them claustrophobic

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12
Q

State 2 examples of causal mechanisms that have been proven scientifically

A

The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease.

Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.

The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.

The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.

The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.

Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.

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13
Q

Explain what causes the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

The bacteria produce toxins that cause harm to the cells

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14
Q

Describe the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women

A
  • unusual green/yellow vaginal discharge
  • pain when urinating
  • painful and tender lower abdomen
  • bleeding between periods
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15
Q

Describe 4 general ways in which diseases can be reduced or prevented

A

Being hygienic

Destroying vectors

Isolating infected individuals

Vaccination

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16
Q

Define the term pathogen

and

Describe 3 ways in which pathogens can be spread

A

Definition of pathogen

A micro-organism that causes a disease e.g. bacteria, fungi

Spread of pathogens

  1. Water e.g. cholera
  2. Air e.g. measles, influenza
  3. Direct contact e.g. HIV, athlete’s foot
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17
Q

Describe how malaria is spread Hint: 5 stages

A

The female mosquito feed on the blood of an infected person

The female mosquito then feeds on another uninfected human or infected animal

The protists are transferred from the mosquito’s saliva into the uninfected person/animal’s blood

The protist travels to the liver of the human/animal

The protist reproduces inside the liver cells damaging the liver cells and also in the red blood cells causing them to rupture as well.

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18
Q

What are the two types of tumour?

A

Benign

Malignant

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19
Q

State the two categories that diseases can be divided into

A

Communicable diseases

Non-communicable diseases

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20
Q

Why is gonorrhoea harder to treat that salmonella?

A

The bacteria that causes gonorrhoea has become resistant to penicillin

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21
Q

Describe how gonorrhoea can be treated

A

Take antibiotics usually penicillin

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22
Q

Why do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

They produce waste products which are toxins for humans

These toxins damage cells and tissues

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23
Q

Why are cancer survival rates improving?

A

Increases medical advances

Improved treatments

Being able to diagnose cancers earlier

Increased screening programmes

Improved public awareness of early signs & symptoms

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24
Q

How can HIV be spread?

A

Through unprotected sexual contact

By exchanging bodily fluid e.g. drug users exchanging contaminated blood when sharing needles

HIV can also be passed from mother to the unborn fetus

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25
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill?

A

They cause our cells to rupture

The damage to the cells causes the symptoms that we feel

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26
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed from one an infected human or animal to an uninfected human

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27
Q

What is cancer?

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells which form a tumour

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28
Q

What are protists?

A

Single-celled organisms

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29
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

As one variable increases the other variable increases

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30
Q

What causes malaria?

A

protist (single-celled eukaryotic cell)

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31
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash

Fever (high temperature)

Sore, red eyes

Small greyish-white spots on the inside of the cheeks

32
Q

Are HIV and AIDS the same?

A

No

HIV is the virus that causes damage to the body’s cells

AIDS is a collection of diseases the HIV positive person suffers from due to a weakened immune system

33
Q

What are the possible complications of contracting measles?

A

A person with measles may develop pneumonia

Measles can cause encephalitis

Measles can cause complications to the unborn fetus in pregnant women

Measles can be fatal

34
Q

State what term is used to describe the role of the mosquito in spreading malaria

A

It acts as a vector

35
Q

What is AIDS?

A

AIDS is a collection diseases and symptoms caused when a person with HIV has a weakened immune system

This means the person is susceptible to other infections e.g. cancer, pneumonia TB,

36
Q

Describe how can salmonella be prevented

A

Use a barrier contraception e.g. condom or femidom

37
Q

Describe the symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever

Stomach cramps

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

38
Q

State what type of pathogen causes salmonella

A

Bacteria

39
Q

When does AIDS occur?

A

At at the late stage of HIV infection when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers

40
Q

State what type of pathogen causes measles

A

Virus

41
Q

Describe the financial cost of non-communicable disease to society Hint: 4 effects

A

Cost of research into new treatments

Cost of current treatments, recovery and recuperation

Cost of adaptations to the person’s home e.g. ramps, handles, wet rooms

Possible loss of income into the house if the person is unable to work

Reduction in country’s workforce which can lead to a country’s economy decreasing

42
Q

State 4 examples of risk factors

A

Age

Gender

Obesity

Alcohol

Diet

Smoking

Occupation

Genetics

43
Q

State 3 examples of non-communicable diseases

A

Cancer

Asthma

Coronary heart disease

44
Q

What is a secondary tumour?

A

A mass of cancerous cells that have formed in a second location from a primary tumour elsewhere in the body

45
Q

Describe the problems with using insect repellants help prevent the spread of malaria

A

Some people experience side effects to the chemicals in the repellant

Some species of mosquito are not repelled by the chemicals in the repellant

46
Q

Describe 6 ways can salmonella be prevented

A

Keep raw food away from cooked food

Store raw foods below other foods in a fridge (to prevent contamination)

Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating

Cook meat thoroughly

Keep all kitchen surfaces and equipment clean

Wash hands thoroughly - after going to the toilet, when handling raw meat, after changing nappies, after handling pets

47
Q

Give an example of a genetic risk factor

A

Mutations in the BRCA gene is linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer

48
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

Taking antiretroviral drugs (to slow or stop the HIV virus from replicating)

49
Q

Describe how salmonella can be treated

A

Replace lost body fluids

Drink rehydration salts (to replace lost mineral ions and glucose)

Take antibiotics (in severe cases)

50
Q

Are viruses living?

A

No

They can’t reproduce on their own

They can only reproduce inside a living host cell

51
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

As one variable increases the other variable decreases

52
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus

53
Q

What is a tumour

A

A mass of cells that are growing and dividing in an unregulated way

54
Q

If a person is obese, smokes and has a fatty diet will they get cancer?

A

No if a person has risk factors it does not mean they will GET the disease.

It just means there is a higher RISK of them getting the disease

55
Q

Explain what causes the symptoms of salmonella

A

The bacteria produce toxins that cause harm to the cells

56
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Risk factors are any variable that increase the chance of a person getting a disease or infection or condition

57
Q

State 3 ways malaria can be prevented

A

Use insect repellants

Use mosquito nets when sleeping

Control the spread of the vector

58
Q

State 5 examples of communicable diseases

A

Measles

Malaria

HIV

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea

59
Q

Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

This means they have a true nucleus and organelles

60
Q

Describe the problems with controlling the vector to help prevent the spread of malaria

A

The mosquito has become resistant to the insecticides and pesticides

Pesticides can accumulate in the food chain and kill/harm organisms higher up the food chain

Mosquitos breed at a very quick rate and lay many eggs - they can lay eggs even in very small puddles It is effectively impossible to drain or use oil to cover all water reserves (every puddle, pond, lake, stream, river)

It is difficult to encourage everyone to use mosquito nets

61
Q

What is meant by the term correlation?

A

When there is a pattern between 2 sets of continuous data

62
Q

How to viruses ‘reproduce’?

A

They invade a living host cell

They use the organelles e.g. ribosomes of the host cells to make copies of themselves

As the number of viral particles increases inside the host cell it exerts pressure on the cell membrane

The cell membrane ruptures releasing the viral particles (which then invade other host cells)

63
Q

How does HIV cause us to be ill?

A

The virus damages cells in the person’s immune system

64
Q

State 3 examples of how a person’s lifestyle can INCREASE their risk of having a disease

A

HIGH stress levels

UNBALANCED diet

POOR access to medical healthcare & medicines

Smoking

HIGH intake of alcohol

65
Q

What is meant by the term causal mechanism?

A

A causal mechanism is one risk factor that may be partly responsible for a disease

66
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A micro-organism that can cause an infectious disease

67
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can NOT be spread between people or animals.

68
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A mass of cells dividing uncontrollably

Some cells can break off the tumour and spread in the blood to a secondary location

It CAN invade other tissues

69
Q

What are the typical characteristics of a non-communicable disease?

A

They are usually long lasting and degenerative (get worse over time) and can’t not be spread

70
Q

Describe the social cost of non-communicable disease Hint: 4 effects

A

High mortality (death) rates

Lower quality of life for the person with the NCD

Shorter life span Impact on family and friends e.g. acting as carers, emotion and financial strain

71
Q

State 4 symptoms of malaria

A

Recurring periods of fever

Headaches

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Muscle pains

72
Q

Describe the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women

A

Unusual green/yellow discharge from the vagina

Pain when urinating

Pain in the lower abdomen

Bleeding between periods

73
Q

State 2 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria

Protist

Fungus

Virus

74
Q

State what type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea

A

Bacteria

75
Q

State 2 examples of how diseases can interact with each other

A

Example 1: A person with a weakened immune system will have an increased risk of contracting an communicable diseases as their body is less likely to be able to destroy the pathogen

Example 2: A person with the hepatitis virus is more at risk of of developing liver cancer

Example 3: A woman with HPV (human papilloma virus) is more at risk of developing cervical cancer

Example 4: A person with physical health problems is more at risk of developing depression

76
Q

Describe 3 reasons why it is hard to eradicate the PROTIST that causes malaria

A

The protist is becoming resistant to the medical drugs used to treat malaria

The protist lives inside the red blood cells and liver cells so it effectively ‘hides’ from the immune system

At the moment there is no vaccine available

biology 2022 paper 1 (11 decks)

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