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biology 2022 paper 1 > Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Heart, blood vessels & blood (IV form) > Flashcards

Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Heart, blood vessels & blood (IV form) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 advantages of using a single blood component rather than whole blood?

A
  1. More patients can be treated from each single pint of donated blood
  2. The dose of the blood component can be change so that it is optimal for each specific patient
  3. It is more cost effective
  4. The process is more efficient
  5. There is an abundant supply
  6. There is no risk of rejection
  7. There is no risk of infection e.g. HIV
  8. It has a longer shelf-life than whole blood
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2
Q

Why are scientists trying to develop artificial blood products?

A

Whole blood has a short shelf-life i.e. it can’t be stored for very long

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3
Q

Why does the left ventricle have the thickest wall of all the 4 chambers in the heart?

A

The LV has to contract to generate the largest force to move the blood from the LV to all over the body i.e. they have to move the blood over the largest distance and overcome the greatest resistance (friction)

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4
Q

What is the purpose/function of the valves inside veins?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood and ensure blood only flows in one direction

The valves also prevent blood from pooling (collecting) in the lower limbs

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5
Q

What is the role/function of the plasma?

A

It is the liquid component of the blood that the cells are suspended in and chemicals are carried in

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6
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

A

They have many alveoli

The alveoli have walls which are one cell thick

The alveoli are covered in a rich blood supply (many capillaries)

The lining of the alveoli is moist (to dissolve the gases)

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7
Q

Give 2 advantages of biological heart valves

A

No medication needs to be taken

They are fully effective

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8
Q

Which type of blood vessels have tiny gaps (pores) in their walls?

A

Only capillaries

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9
Q

What are the 3 different roles/functions of white blood cells?

A

To produce antibodies

To produce antitoxins

To carry out phagocytosis (engulf bacteria or toxins and break them down into harmless products)

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10
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

A system where the blood passes through the heart twice per full circuit around the body.

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11
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium

Contracts to generate a high force to move the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the rest of the body.

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12
Q

Give 2 SOCIAL arguments for the development of artificial hearts

A
  1. Gains time for the patient
  2. No waiting time
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13
Q

Why does the right ventricle have thicker walls than the atria?

A

The RV has to contract to generate a larger force to move the blood from the RV to the lungs i.e. they have to move the blood over a larger distance and overcome a larger resistance (friction)

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14
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of biological heart valves

A

They usually need replacing after 15 years

There are ethical issues for some people e.g. is it right to use tissue from animals

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15
Q

Describe the chemical reaction that happens in the red blood cell in the lungs

A

haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin

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16
Q

What is the role/function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

The blood has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

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17
Q

How do cells become specialised?

A

The cells differentiate

This means they change in different ways:-

  1. they change their shape e.g. sperm cell becomes streamlined and develops a flagellum (tail)
  2. they change their cell contents e.g. produce specific proteins e.g. haemogobin in a RBC, mucus in a goblet cell
  3. they change the number of certain cell organelles to become suited for a specific function e.g. pallisade mesophyll cells increase thier number fo chloroplasts
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18
Q

What are blood components?

A

These are parts of blood that have been separated from donated blood e.g. red blood cells platelets plasma

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19
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

To produce and secrete chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

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20
Q

What happens to the heart valve when it becomes faulty?

A

The valve may not open fully (as they can become stiff)

The valve may develop a leak (which then allows blood to flow in both directions)

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21
Q

What are the 4 main components of blood?

A

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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22
Q

Define the term ‘organ system’

A

A group of organs working together to carry out specific functions

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23
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body back to the right atrium

The blood has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What are the 3 negatives/disadvantages of having a stent fitted?

A

There can be complications during surgery e.g. having a heart attack, reacting to the anaesthetic

There is a risk of a blood clot forming near the stent - this is called a thrombosis

If a thrombosis forms there is a risk of a stroke or heart attack or pulmonary embolism

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25
Q

What are blood products?

A

They are components (parts) of blood that are obtained from donated blood e.g. red blood cells, plasma, platelets

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26
Q

How does coronary heart disease occur? Hint: 5 steps

A

Layers of fatty material build up INSIDE the coronary artery wall

This narrows the lumen of the coronary artery

This reduces the blood flow through the coronary srtery

This reduces the amount of oxygen & glucose delivered to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls

This can cause a heart attack

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27
Q

Give an example of a cardiovascular disease

A

Coronary heart disease

Angina

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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28
Q

What is the importance of blood clotting? Hint: 3 purposes

A

To seal and close a wound

To prevent blood loss

To prevent the entry of micro-organisms

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29
Q

Which type of blood vessels have smooth muscle and elastic fibres in their walls?

A

ONLY arteries and veins

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30
Q

Different blood components have different uses. What is the use of platelets?

A

To treat or prevent bleeding in patients with a low platelet count

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31
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to all cells and remove all waste products from cells in a multi-cellular animal

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32
Q

Describe the structure of a red blood cell

Hint: Think of 3 facts

A

Biconcave shape

No nucleus (or mitochondria)

Contains a specialised protein called haemoglobin

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33
Q

Give 4 SCIENTIFIC arguments for the development of artificial hearts

A

Compensates for a shortage of biological donor hearts

Less likely to be rejected (as the metal and plastic is not recognised as foreign by the person’s immune system)

No need to tissue match

No need for immuno-suppressants to be taken by the patient for the rest of their life

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34
Q

What is the name of the main vein in the human body?

A

Vena cava

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35
Q

Why have scientists developed artificial hearts?

A

There is a shortage of donor hearts in the UK

They extend a patient’s life (until a donor heart is found)

They can be used to allow the patient’s own heart to rest and aid recovery

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36
Q

What is the role/function of the capillaries?

A

To allow the exchange of nutrients (e.g. glucose and oxygen) from the plasma to the cells

To allow the removal of waste products e.g. carbon dioxide and urea from cells into the blood plasma

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37
Q

What is the name of the main artery in the human body?

A

Aorta

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38
Q

Describe the chemical reaction that happens inside a red blood cell in the tissues

A

oxyhaemoglobin breaks down into haemoglobin and oxygen oxyhaemoglobin = oxygen + haemoglobin

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39
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute e.g. saline

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40
Q

What are the 5 key features of any blood substitute?

A

They must not cause rejection

They must have a long shelf-life

They must be easy to store and transport

They must not transmit infections

They must be good are transporting oxygen

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41
Q

List the organs that make up the digestive system

A

Glands = pancreas & salivary glands

Stomach

Small intestine

Liver

Large intestine

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42
Q

What are the consequences (signs and symptoms) of a faulty heart valve?

A

A person becomes breathless easily (as they have low oxygen supply)

The person can die (as a result of insufficient oxygen)

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43
Q

How do you calculate a person’s breathing rate?

A

Breaths per minute = number of breaths in a specified amount of time (number of minutes) divided by the number of minutes

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44
Q

Give 7 SCIENTIFIC arguments against the development of artificial hearts

A

Patients usually have to take anticoagulants to thin the blood and reduce the risk of clots

The device may wear out or the electric motor may fail

Surgery to fit an artificial heart can lead to bleeding & possible infection

There can be problems with the size of the artificial heart

Usually it is not a long term solution i.e. not a cure just a temporary solution

Surgery can result in bleeding and infection

Blood flow is not smooth and this can result in problems with blood clotting causing other medical problems e.g. stroke

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45
Q

What is the role/function of the ribcage?

A

To protect the heart and lungs

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46
Q

What is the purpose/function of the valves inside veins?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood and ensure blood only flows in one direction

The valves also prevent blood from pooling (collecting) in the lower limbs

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47
Q

What is the role/function of the veins?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart at low blood pressure

REMEMBER: the pulmonary vein is different as it carries oxygenated blood towards from the lungs to the heart

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48
Q

What are the 4 risks in ANY type of valve replacement?

A

Risks of infection (during and after surgery)

Risks of reaction to the anaesthetic during surgery

Possible clots forming leading to blocked blood vessels

Clots can result in a heart attack or stroke

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49
Q

What is an artificial heart?

A

A mechanical device that is used to treat a person whose own heart has failed

Remember: The mechanical heart only supplies the heart valves. It doesn’t generate a force. The force is generated by an external power pack.

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50
Q

What are the advantages of replacing a faulty heart valve? Hint 1: applies to BOTH biological and mechanical heart valves Hint 2: 5 steps

A

The new valve improves the circulation of blood

So more oxygen is delivered to the tissues

So more cell respiration can occur

So more energy is releases

And hence the person can lead a more active life again

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51
Q

What is the role/function of the arteries?

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high blood pressure

REMEMBER: the pulmonary artery is different as it carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

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52
Q

What are the 3 disadvantages of taking statins?

A

They have to be taken long-term and regularly

They can cause side effects e.g. headaches, kidney failure, liver damage, memory loss

Their effect is not immediate - the person has to take them for some time before any benefit is observed

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53
Q

Define the term ‘cell’

A

The simplest building block of all living organisms

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54
Q

Describe the shape of a typical white blood cell Hint: think of 3 facts

A

Larger cells (larger than RBC and platelets)

May contain a large kidney bean shaped nucleus or may contain a lobed nucleus

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55
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Contracts to generate a small force to move the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valves (bicuspid valve)

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56
Q

Define the term ‘cardiovascular disease’

A

Disease that affect the heart or the blood vessels

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57
Q

Give 4 disadvantages of mechanical (man-made) valves

A

They require the person to take anti-coagulants for the rest of their life

There is an increased risk of a blood clot forming

Open heart surgery is required to insert the mechanical valave

They can’t be used for everyone e.g. if a person is still growing

58
Q

Which type of blood vessel has a pulse?

A

Only the arteries

59
Q

What are the 4 risks in ANY type of valve replacement?

A

Risks of infection (during and after surgery)

Risks of reaction to the anaesthetic during surgery

Possible clots forming leading to blocked blood vessels

Clots can result in a heart attack or stroke

60
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

rate of blood flow = volume of blood passed through a blood vessel divided by the number of minutes

61
Q

Which type of blood vessels have walls which are only one cell thick?

A

Only capillaries

62
Q

Describe the pulmonary circuit

A

The right ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and then the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart i.e. heart to lungs to heart

63
Q

How does a stent work?

A

It pushes the artery wall open to restore blood flow and allow oxygen and glucose to be delivered to the cells

64
Q

Give 4 advantages of mechanical (man-made) valves

A

Last a ling time ~20-30 years

Very effective

No need to replace the valve i.e. permanent fix

There are no ethical issues

65
Q

What can happen if a person lacks sufficient platelets?

A

Bruising and excessive blood loss

66
Q

Why may a person need a blood transfusion?

A

After an accident which has caused SEVERE blood loss

67
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body

Contracts to generate a small force to move the deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valves (tricuspid valve)

68
Q

How can coronary heart disease be treated?

Hint: 2 methods

A

Stents

Statins

69
Q

What are the two types of valves found in the heart?

A

Semi-lunar valves

Atrio-ventricular valves

70
Q

Describe the systemic circuit

A

The left ventricle of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body (except the lungs) and then the deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart i.e. heart to body to heart

71
Q

What is the role of the diaphragm during ventilation?

A

The diaphragm contracts during inhalation so that the diaphragm flattens causing the volume of the thorax to increase

The diaphragm relaxes during exhalation so that the diaphragm becomes dome shaped causing the volume of the thorax to decrease

72
Q

Why do the artery walls contain elastic fibres?

A

The elastic fibres stretch and recoil when blood surges through them

73
Q

Why do arteries walls contain muscle fibres?

A

The muscle fibres can help move the blood through the blood vessel

74
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

Contracts to generate a low force to move the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

75
Q

Why is it important to maintain a patient’s blood volume?

A

To enable the heart to continue to contract to move the blood around the body

This ensure oxygen and glucose are still delivered to all respiring cells and also removes any waste products from cells

76
Q

What is the role/function of platelets?

A

They help the blood to clot by helping to produce a mesh that covers the open wound

Platelets get trapped in the mesh and form a clot that seals the wound

77
Q

What are atrio-ventricular valves?

A

Valves which are located between the atrium and the ventricle

78
Q

What is the main component of plasma?

A

Water

79
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

The blood has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide

80
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute e.g. a salt solution

81
Q

Give 3 possible causes of a faulty heart valve

A

Old age

Heart attack

Infection

82
Q

What features must any blood substitute have?

A

It must not cause rejection

It must have a long shelf-life

It must be easy to transport and store

It must not transmit any infections

It must be good at transporting oxygen

83
Q

How can faulty heart valves be treated?

A

Replace the valve with either a biological heart valve or a mechanical valve

84
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood at high pressure to the arteries of the circulatory system

The blood has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide

85
Q

What are the key structures in the thorax?

A

Rib cage

Heart

Lungs

Diaphragm

86
Q

What is the role/function of red blood cells?

A

Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cell and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

Hence red blood cells transport oxygen around the body

87
Q

What are semi-lunar valves?

A

Valves which are located between the ventricle and the blood vessel leaving the heart

88
Q

Give 3 SOCIAL arguments against the development of artificial hearts

A
  1. It is not natural
  2. Inconvenience of having to carry a battery pack all the time
  3. May have to remain in hospital therefore lifestyle is affected long term (possible loss of job etc)
89
Q

What is the role of the bronchioles?

A

To carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli

90
Q

What is the main component of plasma?

A

Water

91
Q

What is the role/function of the trachea?

A

To carry air from the mouth to the bronchi

92
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that have no nucleus

93
Q

What are the names of the four chamber of the heart?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

94
Q

How to statins work? Hint: think of 2 facts

A

They reduce blood cholesterol levels

This reduces the rate at which the fatty materials are deposited in the artery walls

95
Q

What is the difference between biological and mechanical valves?

A

Biological valves: usually taken from other humans or animals such as pigs and cattle

Mechanical valves: made of titanium and polymers i.e. man-made

96
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

To cover the inside and outside of certain organs e.g. stomach

97
Q

Which type of blood vessels have valves inside them?

A

Only veins

98
Q

What is the function of the semi-lunar valves?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood from the blood vessel leaving the heart back into the ventricle

99
Q

Define the term ‘tissue’

A

A collection of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function

100
Q

What is the function of the atrio-ventricular valve?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood from the ventricle back into the atrium

101
Q

How to statins reduce blood cholesterol levels?

A

They reduce the LDLs in the blood and they increase the HDLs in the blood

102
Q

What is a stent?

A

A metal mesh that can be inserted into an artery to keep the artery lumen open

103
Q

What are the 4 advantages of taking statins?

A

They reduce the amount of LDLs in the blood

They reduce the risk of strokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease

They increase the amount of HDLs in the blood

There is some evidence that they also help prevent some other diseases

104
Q

Why are the alveoli covered in a large network of capillaries?

A

To allow efficient gas exchange by maintaining a rich blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient

105
Q

Different blood components have different uses. What is the use of fresh, frozen plasma?

A

To treat patients who have suffered excessive blood loss

106
Q

What is the role/function of the bronchi?

A

To carry air from the trachea to the bronchioles

107
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

To contract to bring about movement of what the muscle is attached to

108
Q

What are the 6 positives/advantages of having a stent fitted?

A
  • They are very effective
  • Surgery is quick
  • Surgery is less invasive as it can be fitted using a cather (and not open heart surgery)
  • Only a local anaesthetic is required
  • The risks from the surgery are reduced (as the procedure is less invasive)
  • Recovery time is short
109
Q

What are the names of the two circuits in the double circulatory system in humans?

A

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

110
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

111
Q

Different blood components have different uses. What is the use of packed red blood cells?

A

To restore the oxygen carrying capacity in a patient who has anaemia or has suffered excessive blood loss

112
Q

Describe the size (width) of the lumen of the 3 different blood vessels. In each case explain why this is important.

A

Arteries = narrow lumen (to maintain high blood pressure)

Veins = wide lumen (to reduce resistance to blood flow and maintain blood pressure)

Capillaries = width of the lumen is the same as the width of a red blood cell (to reduce the diffusion distance for oxygen)

113
Q

Give 3 SOCIAL arguments against the development of artificial hearts

A

It is not natural

Inconvenience of having to carry a battery pack all the time

May have to remain in hospital therefore lifestyle is affected long term (possible loss of job etc)

114
Q

How effective are stents?

A

They are effective in keeping a person alive for a long time

115
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls

116
Q

Why is it important that any blood or blood substitute is transferred without any bubbles?

A

The bubbles would enter the bloodstream and could cause a heart attack or stroke or respiratory failure

117
Q

Define the term ‘organ’

A

A group of tissues working together to carry out specific function(s)

118
Q

What are HDLs?

A

They carry fat AWAY from the artery wall and DECREASE the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall

Hint- Think: “H” = healthy

119
Q

What tissue is the heart made up from?

A

Cardiac muscle

120
Q

What are LDLs?

A

They carry fat TO the artery wall and INCREASE the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall

Hint -Think: “L” = lethal

121
Q

What are the 3 components (parts) of the circulatory system?

A

Heart

Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

Blood

122
Q

Give 7 different chemicals are found in plasma?

A

Glucose

Amino acids

Urea

Hormones

Proteins

Antibodies

Antitoxins

123
Q

Place these chambers of the heart in order of the thickness of their wall (start with the thinnest wall) Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium

A

Right and left atria (thinnest)

Right ventricle (thicker)

Left ventricle (thickest)

124
Q

Why must faulty heart valves be replaced, for example if they become stiif or hardened as the person ages?

A
  • The faulty valve will reduce the amount of oxygenated blood leaving the heart
  • This means the heartwill have to beat faster so that it can supply sufficient oxygen to the cells
125
Q

State 3 structural differences between an artery and a vein

A

Remember the Q is about structural differencs so you can’t discuss the functions of the blood vessels

  1. Artey lumen is narrow, lumen of vein is wide
  2. Arteries do not have valves, veins do have one-way valves
  3. Artery has thick muscular wall, vein has thin muscle layer in its wall
126
Q

State 2 structural differences between an artery and a capillary

A

Remember the Q is about structural differencs so you can’t discuss the functions of the blood vessels

  1. Artey lumen is narrow, lumen of capillary is very narrow (only the same as a single red blood cell)
  2. Artery has thick muscular wall, capillary wall is only one cell thick
127
Q

State 2 structural differences between a vein and a capillary

A

Remember the Q is about structural differencs so you can’t discuss the functions of the blood vessels

  1. Vein lumen is wide, lumen of capillary is very narrow (only the same as a single red blood cell)
  2. Vein has muscular wall, capillary wall is only one cell thick
128
Q

Compare the composition (contents) of the blood in an artery and the blood in a vein

A
  • Blood in an artery has high levels of oxygen, a vein has low levels
  • Blood in an artery has high levels of glucose, a vein has low levels
  • Blood in an artery has low levels of carbon dioxide, a vein has high levels
  • Blood in an artery has low levels of lactic acid, a vein has high levels
129
Q

State 4 advantages of using artifical blood for a transfusion

A
  1. No risk of rejection
  2. There is an abundant supply
  3. There is a lower risk of infection e.g. no risk of HIV
  4. It has a longer shelf-life than human blood
130
Q

Name the blood vessel that supplies the cardiac (heart) muscle with oxygen and glucose

A

Coronary artery

131
Q

Describe what happens if the coronary artery becomes blocked (2)

A

The person may have a heart attack

As the cardiac muscle no longer recieves oxygen and glucose and so the heart tissue dies

132
Q

Describe the structure and function of red blood cells

A

Structure:

  • Biconcave cells
  • Appear smaller than white blood cells when observed under a light microscope
  • Have no nucleus

Function:

  • conatin haemoglobin to carry oxygen
133
Q

Describe the structure and function of lymphocytes

A

Structure:

  • Have very little cytoplasm
  • Have a large nucleus

Function:

  • Produce antitoxins
  • Produce antibodies
  • Produce memory cells to provide active immunity
134
Q

Describe the structure and function of phagocytes

A

Structure:

  • Have a lobed nucleus
  • Nucleus looks C-shaped

Function:

  • carry out phagocytosis
  • engulf and break down pathogens
135
Q

Give 5 reasons why the alveoli are good exhange surfaces.

  • Hint:*
  • these 5 points are how the aveoli are specialised for gas exchange*
A
  1. They have a very good blood supply
  2. They have thin walls
  3. They are well ventilated
  4. They have a large surface area
  5. Their walls are permeable to gases
  6. Their walls have a moist layer of surfactant
136
Q

Comare and contrast inhaled (inspired) and exhaled (expired) air.

  • Hint:*
  • You must make direct comparisons*
  • e.g. inhaled air has….. but exhaled air has….*
  • or*
  • inhaled air has more/higher (or less/lower)…..*
A
  1. Inhaled air has more oxygen in it
  2. Inhaled air has less carbon dioxide in it
  3. Inhaled air is cooler/has a lower temperature
  4. Inhaled air has less water vapour
137
Q

Define the term inhalation

A

The drawng in of air from the atmosphere into the lungs

138
Q

Describe 7 key steps in inhalation

A
139
Q

Define the term exhalation

A

The process of breathing out to remove air from the lungs

140
Q

Describe the 7 key steps of exhalation

A

biology 2022 paper 1 (11 decks)

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