Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Edexcel Gcse Biology > Paper 1 - Topic 2, Cells And Control > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Topic 2, Cells And Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

A form of reproduction involving one parent that creates genetically identical offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an axon

A

A long fibre that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cancer

A

A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a cataract

A

A cloudy patch that forms on the lens of the eye and prevents light entering normally
- people affected have blurred vision, difficultly seeing the intensity of colours and problems with glare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

A series of events that take place in a cell involving cell growth, DNA replication and cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The process by which an undifferentiated cell becomes specialised for its function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cell elongation

A

The process where cells expand and enlarge enabling the growth of a plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What parts of the body make up the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are cone cells

A

Cells found in the retina that are sensitive to high intensity light and they detect different colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cornea

A

The transparent outer covering that reflects light entering the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are dendrites

A

Short, branched extensions of dendrons that provide a large SA to receive nerve impulses from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a dendron

A

Branched extensions of a nerve cell body that connects to other neurones and carry impulses towards the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an effector

A

An organ, tissue or cell that produces a response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Stem cells found in very early embryos that are unspecialised and capable of differentiating into any cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the iris

A

A pigmented ring of muscles that controls the size of the pupil to alter how much light enters the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the lens

A

A transparent, biconvex structure that refracts light focusing it on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes long sightedness

A

When the eyeball is too short or the lens is too elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

The region of the brain that regulates unconscious activities like breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the meristem tissue

A

Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells with a full set of chromosomes from one parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a motor neurone
A neurone that carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors
26
What is the myelin sheath
An electrically insulating layer that surrounds the axon and increases the speed of nerve cells
27
What are neurones
Nerve cells adapted to quickly transmit never impulses
28
What are neurotransmitters
Chemicals that are used for communication between neurones and their target cells
29
What is a reflex
A rapid and automatic response to a stimulus by the body
30
What is the reflex arc
Stimulus —> sensory receptor —> sensory neurone —> relay neurone —> motor neurone —> effector —> response
31
What is a relay neurone
A neurone that carries never impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones within the CNS
32
What is the retina
A light sensitive layer at the back of the eye composed of rod and cone cells, converts light into neural signals which are sent to the brain
33
What are rod cells
Cells found in the retina that are sensitive to low light intensity
34
What is a sensory neurone
A neurone that carries nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS
35
What is a sensory receptor
A specialised structure that detects a specific type of stimulus
36
What causes short sightedness
When eyeball is too long or lens is too thick and rounded
37
What is a synapse
A small gap between neurones across which a nerve impulse is transmitted via neurotransmitters
38
What happens during interphase
- DNA is spread out in long strings - before it divides the cell grows to increase amount of sub-cellular structures - then it duplicates its DNA so there’s one copy for each new cell and forms X-shaped chromosomes - each arm is identical to each other
39
What are the 4 stages of mitosis
1) prophase 2) metaphase 3) anaphase 4) telophase
40
What happens at prophase
The chromosomes condense and get shorter and fatter, the membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm
41
What happens at metaphase
The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
42
What happens at anaphase
Spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes and then the chromatids get pulled to opposite ends of the cell
43
What happens at telophase
Membranes form around each set of the chromosomes, these become the new nuclei of the two new cells, the nucleus has divided
44
What happens at cytokinesis
The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two genetically identical daughter cells
45
How are sperm cells adapted to their function
- head contains haploid nucleus, contains half the genetic material - acrosome contains digestive enzymes so sperm can fertilise egg - mid-piece has lots of mitochondria for energy to swim+fertilise egg - tail enables sperm to swim
46
How are egg cells adapted to their function
- lots of cytoplasm which has lots of nutrients for growth of early embryo - haploid nucleus, contains half of the genetic material - cell membrane changes after fertilisation by a single sperm so no more sperm can enter
47
How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function
- adapted to waft bacteria and other particles up the throat or down to the stomach - extensions of the cytoplasm at the surface to form hair-like structures (cilia) which beat to move mucus and trapped particles up to the throat
48
Where are embryonic stem cells found and what can they differentiate into
Found in early human embryos and can differentiate into any cell
49
Where are adult stem cells found and what can they differentiate into
Found in bone marrow and can only differentiate into certain cells, in animals they are used to replace damaged cells
50
Where is meristem tissue found and what do they do
Found in areas of the plant that are growing and meristems produce unspecialised cells that can divide to form any cell type for as long as the plant lives
51
What are the risks of using stem cell treatment
- Tumour development, stem cells divide very quickly and a tumour could form if scientists can’t control the rate at which the transplanted cells divide - Disease transmission - viruses live inside cells so if donor cells are infected, the disease could be passed on making patient sicker - Rejection - if transplanted cells are being used for patients own body, the patients body may recognise foreign cells and trigger and immune response to try get rid of them
52
What are the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research
Some argue that human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments because each one is potential human life
53
What is the role of the cerebrum in the brain
- largest part of brain and divided into two hemispheres - right hemisphere controls left side of body - left hemisphere controls right side of body - different parts of cerebrum responsible for different things: movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision
54
What is the role of the cerebellum
Responsible for muscle coordination and balance
55
What is the role of the medulla oblongata
Controls unconscious activities like breathing and heart rate
56
How are treating problems in the Central nervous system tricky
- hard to repaid the damage to the nervous system, neurons don’t readily repair themselves and their is no way to repair nervous tissue right now - if a problem occurs in a part of the nervous system that’s hard to access, it can be hard to treat - treatments to the nervous system can lead to permanent damage eg repairing the spinal cord can lead to risks of paralysis
57
What is the time it takes you to respond to a stimulus called
Reaction time
58
Which way do dendrites and dendrons carry nerve impulses
Towards the body
59
Which way do axons carry nerve impulses
Away from the body
60
How do synapses work
The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap, the neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
61
What are reflexes
Automatic, rapid response to stimuli
62
How can reflexes help prevent injury
1. When a stimulus is detected by receptors, impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS 2. When the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and relay neurone, they trigger neurotransmitters to be released and these cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone 3. When the impulses reach the synapse between the relay neurone and motor neurone, neurotransmitters are released and cause impulses to be sent along motor neurone 4. Impulses then travel along motor neurone to the effector (eg a muscle) 5. The muscle contracts and moves the limb away from what caused the pain
63
How do reflexes help protect the eye
- light receptors detect the bright light and send a message along sensory neurone to the brain which then travels along a relay neurone to a motor neurone which tells circular muscles in the iris to contract making it smaller so less light can enter
64
What does the cornea do
Refracts light into the eye
65
What does the iris do
Controls how much light enters the pupil
66
What is the function of the lens
Also refracts light focusing it on the retina
67
What does the retina do
The light sensitive part and it’s covered in receptor cells called rods and cones which detect light
68
What do rods do
More sensitive in dim light but can’t sense colour
69
What do cones do
They are sensitive to different colours but not so good in dim light
70
Describe the eye when focusing on distant objects
- ciliary muscles relax, which allows suspensory ligaments to pull tight - pulls the lens into a less rounded shape so less light is refracted
71
Describe the eye when focusing on close up objects
Ciliary muscles contracts, which slacken suspensory ligaments Lens becomes shorter and fatter allowing more light to be refracted

Edexcel Gcse Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions