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sociology > PAPER 1 Socialisation, Culture And Identity > Flashcards

PAPER 1 Socialisation, Culture And Identity Flashcards

1
Q

What Is Culture?

What is culture?

A

The whole system of beliefs and behaviour of a society or group including knowledge, faith, art, music etc. Cultures vary throughout the world

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2
Q

What Is Culture?

What is the Hamar tribe?

A
  • live in Ethiopia
  • culture rich in ceremony and ritual
  • males must leap onto the backs of cattle to reach adulthood
  • women are whipped before this ceremony to prove their devotion to men
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3
Q

What Is Culture?

What is a value?

A

Values are beliefs and ideas that society sees as important e.g valuing life, success, honesty etc.

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4
Q

What Is Culture?

What are norms?

A

Norms are expected patterns of behaviour that are based on the values of society. For example it is a norm to where clothes in the UK or eat with a knife and fork.

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5
Q

What Is Culture?

What is Margaret Mead’s study?

A
  • she studied male and female behaviour and gender role expectations in different tribes.
  • In the Arapesh tribe, both males and females were gentle and cooperative.
  • In the Mundugumor tribe both genders were violent and aggressive.
  • In the Tchambuli tribe women were dominant and violent and men were timid and emotional and spent time decorating themselves.
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6
Q

What Is Culture?

Why are norms seen as relative?

A

circumstance- some things are normal to do in certain circumstances, for example, in the UK it is normal to wear clothes, but would not be seen normal to shower in them.
Time- some norms change over time, for example smoking inside used to be the norm, but now this is seen as socially unacceptable.
culture- some norms may vary from culure to culture, norms from one culture may be seen as deviant to another culture.

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7
Q

What Is Culture?

What is cultural diversity?

A

differences and variety found in societies. Can be seen between cultures (intercultural diveristy) and within cultures (intracultural diversity).

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8
Q

What Is Culture?

What is an example of an intracural diversity?

A

The UK- includes the cultures of different ethnic groups.

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9
Q

What Is Culture?

What is a subculture?

A

A subculture is often defined as a ‘culture within a culture’ where a smaller grouping of people share distinctive norms and values within a wider culture. E.G punks, emos etc.

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10
Q

What Is Culture?

What is cultural hybridity?

A

A hybrid is a cross or merging between two or more things. The UK is described as hybrid as it contains aspects of English, Scottish and Irish culture but also has influences from other cultures like Asian and Caribbean culture.

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11
Q

What Is Culture?

What is a ‘Brasian’?

A

The mixing of British and Asian culture. Traditional aspects of Asian culture may be mixed with British culture to make a fusion or hybrid, for example henna or Bhangra music.

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12
Q

What Is Culture?

What is high culture?

A
  • activities and products which are seen to have high status
  • these represent the highest achievements in humanity
  • examples may be Shakespeare’s plays, operas, Ballet etc
  • often appreciated by the rich or highly educated.
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13
Q

What Is Culture?

what is popular culture?

A
  • products and activities enjoyed by the majority of a population.
  • e.g going to the cinema, watching TV, playing football etc.
  • some argue these are inferior to high culture activities.
  • some feel like popular culture is manufactured and is a form of brainwashing or dumbing down’ the population.
  • Howerver, Bourdieu argues that the distinction between high and popular culture lies in the power of the group who access and support them.
  • It is also argued that the distinction of high and popular culture is breaking down, an example being shakespeare plays have been turned into movies.
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14
Q

What Is Culture?

What is consumer culture?

A
  • the increasing availability of consumer goods and services.
  • consumer goods are widely available and regarded as acceptable.
  • An example is that people consume branded goods to construct an identity and gain status in the eyes of other.
  • reinforced through advertisement and celebrity culture.
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15
Q

What Is Culture?

What is global culture?

A
  • growing trend of activities and products becoming ‘univeral’
  • nike, mcdonalds and microsoft are all brands that are recognisable around the world.
  • McLuhan argued that the world has become a smaller place and that we now live in a ‘global village’.
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16
Q

What Is Culture?

What is globalisation and culture?

A
  • cultures that can no longer be separate from each other.
  • what happens in one society is is increasingly connected to others.
  • even in emote societies, people are found drinking coca-cola and watching western TV in their own language.
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17
Q

What Is Socialisation?

What is socialisation?

A

learning how to fit into culture

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18
Q

What Is Socialisation?

What is the nature/nurture debate?

A
  • debated for years
  • most sociologists argue that nurture is more important as some aspects of culture are clearly learned.
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19
Q

What Is Socialisation?

What are twin studies?

A

Bouchard researched identical twins who were separated at birth. Oskar and Jack were raised separately one was a jew and one was a Nazi. Bouchard recorded many similarities in their behaviours such as likes and dislikes and personality similarities.

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20
Q

What is Socialisation?

Who is Isabel the ‘chicken girl’?

A

Isabel was left in the chicken coop by her mother who worked in the fields. She could not speak and was not toilet trained. She expressed emotions by beating her arms and drumming her feet. Possibly imitating the behaviour of the chickens.

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21
Q

What Is Socialisation?

Who is Oxana Malaya?

A

Oxana had been left in the kennel with the family dogs since a young age. She barked like a dog and walked on all fours.

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22
Q

What Is Socialisation?

What is primary socialisation?

A

The early years of life (0-5) are very important in the learning process. Our family play a key part in teaching us norms and values.

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23
Q

What is Socialisation?

What is the agent of primary socialisation?

A

We learn through imitation from our parents. We may copy the way our parents talk or their table manners. Children see what is acceptable and unacceptable through a process of trial and error. This is done through positive and negative sanctions. The family also make an important contribution to our identity, e.g class, gender and ethnic identities.

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24
Q

What Is Socialisation?

What are the agents of secondary socialisation?

A

family, peer groups, education, media, religion and workplace

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25
Q

What Is Socialisation?

How do Peer groups influence or socialisation?

A

peer groups are an important agent of socialisation from ages (5-18). An individual will learn what behaviour is acceptable due to the desire to ‘fit in’. Youth subcultures like goths and emos resist the norms of society.

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26
Q

What is Socialisation?

How does education influence our socialisation?

A

Everyone learns through the formal curriculum e.g maths and english. This is based on the language and culture of society. Sociologists also look at the ‘hidden curriculum’ which are the norms and values you learn outside of lesson time. E.g you learn that you get detntions if you disobey, society values achievement and how its measured.

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27
Q

What is socialisation?

How does the media influence our socialisation?

A
  • through its representation of certain groups which may influence our views
  • e.g women seen in different ways, Mulvey uses the concept of the ‘male gaze’ when cameras ‘eye uo’ female characters in films.
  • media also causes ‘copycat’ violence due to violence expressed in video games.
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28
Q

What is socialisation?

How does the workplace influence our socialisation?

A
  • the workplace contributes to our ‘resocialisation’.
  • split into formal and informal
  • formal- formal sanctions like warnings and positive sanctions like ‘employee of the month’
  • informal- making clear what is acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
  • ‘canteen culture’- Waddington’ people are socialised to accept norms in work e.g police officers and institutional racism.
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29
Q

What is socialisation?

What is social control?

A

Behaviour is controlled and reinforced by sanctions. Either positively or negatively.

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30
Q

What is socialisation?

What are the formal mechanisms of social control?

A
  • police, courts and criminal justice system.
  • they directly control the behaviour of the population
  • uses military some times to control
  • education has a formal element- legal requirements to attend.
    sanctions include: warnings from the police, sanctions from the court
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31
Q

what is socialisation?

What are the informal mechanisms of social control?

A
  • control our behaviour more subtly
  • include: peer group, education, religion and family
  • sanctions include: dissapointed reactions from parents, socially excluding someone, celebs being criticised.
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32
Q

What is identity?

What is the concept of identity?

A

Often defined as how you see yoursel. A product of all experiences you have had through socialisation.

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33
Q

What is identity?

Wht are the seven aspects of identity?

A

sexuality, nationality, social class, disability, age, gender, ethnicity

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34
Q

what is identity?

What are hybrid identities?

A

someones sense of who they are is a mixture of two or more influences. Labels such as ‘Brasian’ to define hybrid identities.

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35
Q

What is identity? Ethnicity and Identity

What did Ghumann find about second-generation Asians in the UK.

A

He found that tradition, religion and family values played an important part of their upbringing. They emphasise the importance of duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment.

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36
Q

What is identity? Ethnicity and identity

What did Gilroy find out about the identities of young black people?

A

He used the term ‘Black atlantic’ to describe an identity that was not specifically rooted in the UK or their country of origin. He said that the shared experience of racism and powerlessness can transcend differences in background and history to create a ‘black identity’.

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37
Q

What is identity? Ethnicity and identity

What did Hewitt find out about ‘multiculturalism’ in the UK?

A

He said that policies designed to achieve equality have been percieved as unfair to the white community, and a white working class person under pressure economicallyhas often reacted with anger at percieved ‘positive discrimination’.

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38
Q

What is identity? Ethnicity and identity?

What does Spencer et al say about the racism and discrimination experienced by eastern europeans?

A

He said that Eastern European migrants spend little time socialisation with British people, he foun that a Ukranian waitress said that they ‘do not let you in their circles’.

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39
Q

What is identity? ethnicity and identity

What do Cashmore and Troyna say about ethnic minorities response to racism?

A

They say that they ‘turn inwards’ to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience.

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40
Q

what is identity? ethnicity and identity

What does Jcobson say about young Pakistanis?

A

He says that many young Pakistanis adopt a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society.

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41
Q

what is identity? changing ethnic identities

What does Modood argue about the changing identities of ethnic minorities in the UK?

A

He said that ethnic minorities from both African-Caribban and Asian backgrounds felt much more British than their parents.

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42
Q

What is identity? Changing ethnic identities

What do postmodernists say about changing ethnic identities?

A

They say that today identity is all about choice and everyone can create their own identities. However, some would disagree as ethnicity and race are still sources of discrimination.

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43
Q

What is identity? nationality and identity

What is nationality and identity?

A

the identity of a whole country

44
Q

What is identity? nationality and identity

What does Anderson say about nationality and identity?

A

He argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community’, in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members. He also says that the social construction of national identities is due to the mass circulation of newspapers and books. Other examples are media coverage of sporting events.

45
Q

What is identity? nationality and identity

Why is national identity for English people seen as confused according to Kumar?

A

He said that the English find it difficult to say who they are, and that the English national identity is elusive.

46
Q

what is identity? changing national identities

How does Sadar say that national identities are changing?

A

He says that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis. He says that Britain has lost its empire so feels very small in a global world. Sadar says that to develop a more confident identity, we must embrace diversity but also focus on what makes us the same.

47
Q

What is identity? changing national identities

How can English identity be seen as negative?

A

somr argue that English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growing popularity of groups such as the English Defence League.

48
Q

What is identity? changing national identities

According to Stuart Hall, what are the three reactions to globalisation?

A

1) cultural homogenisation- all countries becoming more similar
2) cultural hybridity- taking in parts of global culture along side their traditional culture
3) cultural resistance- protecting their cultural heritage.

49
Q

What is identity? gender and identity

What is gender and identity?

A

Gender identity is something that is fluid and changing. Women have changing expectations and men also do.

50
Q

What is identity? gender and identity

How is gender seen as a social construct?

A

roots back to the nature/nurture debate. Whilst some argue that gender is biological, most sociologists see gender as a social construct.

51
Q

What is identity? gender and identity

What did Wilson say about the biological view of gender?

A

He says that men are more promiscuous as they are ‘spreading the seed’, whereas women need to stay faithful to one man to ensure his help in their childs upbringing.

52
Q

What is identity? Gender and identity

What is the functionalist view on gender identity?

A

Parsons says that women have an expressive role where they are naturally childbearers. He says that men have an instrumental role and act as the breadwinner and protector.

53
Q

What is identity? Gender and identity

Which theory argues that gender is socially constructed?

A

Feminists say gender is socially constructed by a patriarchal society. They say that it is not only the family that contributes to this but other agencies of socialisation reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.

54
Q

What is identity? gender and identity

What does Hey say to support the view that gender is socially constructed?

A

She studied friendships among teenage girls and found that girl peer groups were deeply rooted in patriarchy and expectations of how females should be.

55
Q

What is identity? gender and identity

What does Mac an Ghaill say to support the view that gender is a social construct?

A

She explored how boys learn to be men in peer groups. Gender power based on ‘hyper masculinity’ was the main source of identity for ‘macho lads’. They valued the 3 Fs. Football, fighting and fucking.

56
Q

What is identity? gender and identity

What was Ann Oakly’s study on gender role socialisation in the family?

A

She explains how children are socialised into their gender through to different ways.
Manipulation: encouraging behaviour suitable for each gender. For example, aplauding a boy for getting muddy but discouraging a girl from doing it.
Canalisation: parents channeling their child to play games suitable for their gender e.g dolls for girls and football for boys

57
Q

What is identity? changing female identities

What did Jackson find about the rise in the ‘ladette’?

A

She found that girls also spent time drinking, smoking and swearing for fear of doing otherwise would result in them being considered unpopular.

58
Q

What is identity? changing female identities

How does Denscombe support Jackson’s study in the rise of the ‘Ladette’?

A

She looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour where women wanted to be seen as anything but the stereotype of a woman.

59
Q

What is identity? changing male identities

What did Connel identify about masculine identities?

A

She says there are 3 main types of masculinity:
- hegemonic masculinity which is most common and most reinforced
- subordinate masculinity which is associated with homosexual males
- marginalised masculinity which is associated with unemployed men which is not accepted as ‘real’ masculinity.

60
Q

What is identity? changing male identities

What did Mac an Ghaill say about the ‘crisis of masculinity’?

A

This term refers to the insecurity felt by working class men. This is due to the loss of ‘bread winnder’ identity with the decline in traditional male industries. E.g mining, shipbuilding

61
Q

What is identity? Changing male identities

What was Canaan’s study in Wolverhampton?

A

She questioned both employed and unemployed men about what they thought was most important about being a man. The employed said that they valued drinking, sexual conquests and fighting. The unemployed men said that it was having a job and felt emasculatred due to their unemploment.

62
Q

What is identity? social class and identity

What is social class identity?

A

Usually seen as a group who share similar economic situations. Social class can effect an individuals upbringing and related issues such as housing and health.

63
Q

what is identity? social class and identity

How can social class be judged?

A

some aspects that can judge social class can be:
- income
- possessions
- holidays
- accent

64
Q

What is identitysocial class and identity: upper class

What do Mackintosh and Mooney say about the upper class?

A

They say that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility. They operate ‘social closure’ which means that their daily lives are separate from the rest of the population. They also participate in exclusive sports such as hunting and polo.

65
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: upper class

How can it be seen that those with an ascribed status are declining in numbers?

A

The new ‘super rich’ are based on achieved status and are much more significant.

66
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: middle class

How are the middle class defined?

A

They are seen as the majority of the population. They are associated with those who have proffessional careers and are usually university educated. The middle class is a very diverse group.

67
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: middle class

What does Fox say about middle class identity?

A

He said that there is an ‘upper middle’ a ‘middle middle’ and a ‘lower middle’ class. This is to highlight the differences within the middle class.

68
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: working class

Who are the working class

A
  • used to form the majority of the population
  • traditionally made up of manual workers
  • romanticised as a hard-working, straight- talking ‘salt of the earth’ identity
  • many of who are middle class in terms of education, career or income still claim that they are working class.
69
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: working class

What does Hutton say about the working class identity?

A

He says that the decline in trade union memberships and the manufacturing sector has eroded working class identities.

70
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: working class

What does Skeggs say about working class identity?

A

Studied working class women who felt humiliated by being judged by doctors, teachers etc. As a result they made a strenuous effort to look ‘respectable’ and took pride in their appearence.

71
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: underclass

What was the underclass originally used to define?

A

Originally used by sociologists from conflict perspectives who wanted to draw attention to the social exclusion experienced by those at the bottom of society.

72
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: underclass

What is the underclass used to describe now?

A

It is used in a negative way to describe those who rely on benefits and are blamed for their own situation.

73
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: underclass

What is the underclass used to describe now?

A

It is used in a negative way to describe those who rely on benefits and are blamed for their own situation.

74
Q

What is identity? social class and identity: underclass

What does Murray say about the underclass?

A

He argues that overgenerous benefits encourages people to develop a culture where they do not take responsibility for their own actions and expect to be looked after by the state.

75
Q

What is identity? changing class identities

What do Pakulski and Waters argue to say that there are changing class identities?

A

They say that there has been a shift from production to consumption and we are defined by what we buy, not what we do.

76
Q

What is identity? changing class identities

What does Offe say to argue there are changing class identities?

A

Fewer and fewer individuals share a common experience of full-time work. The days when people had a job for life are gone. We are all able to creater our own identities regardless of the social class of our families.

77
Q

What is identity? changing class identities

How does the contemporary UK contribute to the idea that there are changing class identities?

A

Choices and oppurtunities are available to everyone. The possibilty of going to university, travelling and buying your own home is available to everyone.

78
Q

What is identity? changing class identities

Why would it be argued that social class still remains a determining factor for identity?

A

It remains the most significant indicator of outcomes such as health, education and life expectancy. There is also a lot of evidence to suggest a difference in culture and lifestyle between people from different social classes.

79
Q

What is identity? sexuality and identity

What is sexuality identity?

A

Relates to how you identify your sexuality.

80
Q

What is identity? sexuality and identity

What does Weeks say about sexuality?

A

He says that not many would say ‘im heterosexual’ but saying ‘i’m gay’ or ‘i’m lesbian’ makes a statement about belonging.

81
Q

What is identity? sexuality and identity

Historically, how has homosexuality been viewed?

A

It was considered a mental illness and a crime in the UK. However, attitudes towards homoswxuality have changed within the last 50 years. But in countries like Uganda and Nigeria, homosexuality is illegal.

82
Q

What is identity? sexuality and identity

What does Weeks say about sexual identification?

A

He points out that sexual identification is a strange thing. He says that there are people who identify as gay and participate in the gay community but do not participate in same-sex sexual encounters. And there are people who have same-sex sexual encounters but not identify themselves as gay.

83
Q

What is identity? Sexuality and identity

What was Reiss’ study on rent boys?

A

He did a study on young male prositutes and found that they regarded themselves as heterosexual, despite having sex with men for money. They actively despised the men who they had sex with as a way of neutralising their behaviour.

84
Q

What is identity? sexuality and identity

What does Plummer say about sexual identity?

A

He discusses the ‘homosexual career’ where a male accepts the label of homosexual and joins a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm. It is suggested that it is not actually sexual attraction that creates the ‘homosexual’ but the acceptance and internalisation of the identity.

85
Q

What is identity? sexuality and identity

What does Rich say about female sexual identity?

A

She says that women’s sexuality is opressed through things such as marriage, sexual violence and through sexual objectification. She uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe how women are socialised to be heteroseual and available to men. She said that most women are not inherently heterosexual but it is forced upon them.

86
Q

What is identity? changing sexual identities

How have attitudes to homosexuality changed?

A

publicly changed in Britain, no longer seen as a condiion and is accepted.

87
Q

What is identity? changing sexual identities

What laws and acts mean that homosexuality is now accepted?

A
  • age of consent for sexual intercourse was equalised in 2000
  • equality act 2010 makes it unlawful to discriminate against any individual on the grounds of sexuality.
88
Q

What is identity? Age and identity

What is our age identity?

A

Our age identity is affected by how our age makes us feel. The world is run by adults and often young and old people’s identities are negatively affected due to their age and often due to a lack f power and status.

89
Q

What is identity? age and identity

How can age and life courses be seen to be socially constructed?

A

the stages of life are often related to childhood, adulthood and elderly. Ages at which they start an end vary, which is why they can be seen as socially constructed.

90
Q

What is identity? age and identity: childhood

How can childhood be seen as socially constructed?

A

In some cultures which are different to the UK, children are not seen as innocen, dependent and vulnerable. For example, children fight as soldiers and marriage is consideed for girls. Even in the UK, children worked in factories and even had families before their 18th birthday.

91
Q

What is identity? age and identity: childhood

What does Postman say about childhood?

A

He argued that childhood emerged when the spread of literacy enabled adults to better shield children from aspects of life. For example, aspects of sexuality, death and disease. Which created the ‘innocent’ child.

92
Q

What is identity? age and identity: youth

What is youth?

A

A stage of life which is associated with those between the ages pf 12 and 25. Youth is socially constructed as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and a time of rebellion.

93
Q

What is identity? age and identity: youth

How is youth seen to be socially constructed?

A

Some cultures have no concept of ‘youth’. Through initiation ceremonies, such as the one seen in the Hamar tribe, childhood ends one day and adulthood begins.

94
Q

What is identity? age and identity: young adulthood and middle age

What is young adulthood?

A

Normally characterised by a career and family. Most people establish relationships, have children and establish careers during this time.

95
Q

What is identity? age and identity: young adulthood and middle age

What is middle age?

A

associated wih those in their fourties and fifties. Seen as a positive stage of life but also a negative one as it is associated with ‘mid life crisis’ and ‘empty nest syndrome’

96
Q

What is identity? age and identity: young adulthood and middle age

What does Bradley say about the middle age?

A

He argues that it has higher status than youth or old age as middle- aged people hold more power at work.

97
Q

What is identity? age and identity: young adulthood and middle age

What is old age?

A

Associated with those between the ages of 65 upwards. UK culture admires youth and the beauty of yothful bodies. In contrast, ageing bodies represent ugliness and degeneration.

98
Q

What is identity? age and identity: youth and middle age

What did Corner find in his study of old age?

A

The language used by older participants in Corner’s study was mostly negative, reflecting that used by the media and popular culture. Participants described the ‘burden’ of the ageing population. They also feared becoming a ‘burden’ themselves and the stereotypes of later life of ill health and dependency.

99
Q

What is identity? changing age identities

What do post modernists say about changing age identities?

A

They look at trends such as living and working for longer. Anti-ageing procedures and the extension of ‘youth’ shows how age is becoming more fluid

100
Q

What is identity? age and identity

What do Featherstone and Hepworth say to argue that there are changing age identities?

A

The medias image of ageing is the source of negative stereotype. But can also create new identities where more positive images emerge. For example the emergence of ‘retro’ fashions help blur the boundaries of the life course.

101
Q

What is identity? disability and identity

What is disability and identity?

A

Thiose who live with a physical or mental impairment often find that it is their most significant aspect, especially in how they are seen by others

102
Q

What is identity? disability and identity?

What is the medical model?

A

It sees disability as a medical problem and focuses on the limitations caused by impairment. This approach defines a disabled person by their impairment. It leads to a ‘victim mentality’ where the problem lies with the individual and not the society that has not met their needs.

103
Q

What is identity? disability and identity

How does Shakespeare support the medical model of disability?

A

He argues that disabled people are socialised to see themselves as victims. Which creates a ‘victim mentality’. He also says that disabled people are socialised to see themselves as inferior so are often isolated from eachother.

104
Q

What is identity? disability and identity

What is the social model of disability?

A

Focuses on the social and physical barriers, such as the design of buildings, that deny access to those with a disability. They argue that society is the disabling factor. They believe that disability is theirfore socially consrtucted as it rests on assumptions of what is normal and what is not normal.

105
Q

What is identity? disability and identity

why can disability be seen as the defining aspect for people?

A

Disability carries a stigma which affects the interactions between them and other people. Interactionists would call it a master status, where it transcends into all aspects of identity and becomes their defining characteristic.

106
Q

what is identity? disability and identity

What does ‘learned helplessness’ mean?

A

Describes that some disabled people may internalise the idea that they are unable to change a situation and thus fail to take action themselves. It has been argued that policies such as segregated schoolong has encouraged learned helplessness.

107
Q

What is identity? disability and identity

What does Murugami say about disability and identity?

A

He says that a disabled person is able to construct their own identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it.

sociology (6 decks)

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