PAPER 1 Socialisation, Culture And Identity Flashcards

Question

# What Is Socialisation? How do Peer groups influence or socialisation?

Answer 1

peer groups are an important agent of socialisation from ages (5-18). An individual will learn what behaviour is acceptable due to the desire to 'fit in'. Youth subcultures like goths and emos resist the norms of society.

Answer 2

Everyone learns through the formal curriculum e.g maths and english. This is based on the language and culture of society. Sociologists also look at the 'hidden curriculum' which are the norms and values you learn outside of lesson time. E.g you learn that you get detntions if you disobey, society values achievement and how its measured.

Answer 3

- through its representation of certain groups which may influence our views - e.g women seen in different ways, Mulvey uses the concept of the 'male gaze' when cameras 'eye uo' female characters in films. - media also causes 'copycat' violence due to violence expressed in video games.

Answer 4

- the workplace contributes to our 'resocialisation'. - split into formal and informal - formal- formal sanctions like warnings and positive sanctions like 'employee of the month' - informal- making clear what is acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. - 'canteen culture'- Waddington' people are socialised to accept norms in work e.g police officers and institutional racism.

Answer 5

Behaviour is controlled and reinforced by sanctions. Either positively or negatively.

Answer 6

- police, courts and criminal justice system. - they directly control the behaviour of the population - uses military some times to control - education has a formal element- legal requirements to attend. sanctions include: warnings from the police, sanctions from the court

Answer 7

- control our behaviour more subtly - include: peer group, education, religion and family - sanctions include: dissapointed reactions from parents, socially excluding someone, celebs being criticised.

Answer 8

Often defined as how you see yoursel. A product of all experiences you have had through socialisation.

Answer 9

sexuality, nationality, social class, disability, age, gender, ethnicity

Answer 10

someones sense of who they are is a mixture of two or more influences. Labels such as 'Brasian' to define hybrid identities.

Answer 11

He found that tradition, religion and family values played an important part of their upbringing. They emphasise the importance of duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment.

Answer 12

He used the term 'Black atlantic' to describe an identity that was not specifically rooted in the UK or their country of origin. He said that the shared experience of racism and powerlessness can transcend differences in background and history to create a 'black identity'.

Answer 13

He said that policies designed to achieve equality have been percieved as unfair to the white community, and a white working class person under pressure economicallyhas often reacted with anger at percieved 'positive discrimination'.

Answer 14

He said that Eastern European migrants spend little time socialisation with British people, he foun that a Ukranian waitress said that they 'do not let you in their circles'.

Answer 15

They say that they 'turn inwards' to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience.

Answer 16

He says that many young Pakistanis adopt a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society.

Answer 17

He said that ethnic minorities from both African-Caribban and Asian backgrounds felt much more British than their parents.

Answer 18

They say that today identity is all about choice and everyone can create their own identities. However, some would disagree as ethnicity and race are still sources of discrimination.

Answer 19

the identity of a whole country

Answer 20

He argues that a 'nation' is an 'imagined community', in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members. He also says that the social construction of national identities is due to the mass circulation of newspapers and books. Other examples are media coverage of sporting events.

Answer 21

He said that the English find it difficult to say who they are, and that the English national identity is elusive.

Answer 22

He says that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis. He says that Britain has lost its empire so feels very small in a global world. Sadar says that to develop a more confident identity, we must embrace diversity but also focus on what makes us the same.

Answer 23

somr argue that English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growing popularity of groups such as the English Defence League.

Answer 24

1) cultural homogenisation- all countries becoming more similar 2) cultural hybridity- taking in parts of global culture along side their traditional culture 3) cultural resistance- protecting their cultural heritage.

Answer 25

Gender identity is something that is fluid and changing. Women have changing expectations and men also do.

Answer 26

roots back to the nature/nurture debate. Whilst some argue that gender is biological, most sociologists see gender as a social construct.

Answer 27

He says that men are more promiscuous as they are 'spreading the seed', whereas women need to stay faithful to one man to ensure his help in their childs upbringing.

Answer 28

Parsons says that women have an expressive role where they are naturally childbearers. He says that men have an instrumental role and act as the breadwinner and protector.

Answer 29

Feminists say gender is socially constructed by a patriarchal society. They say that it is not only the family that contributes to this but other agencies of socialisation reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.

Answer 30

She studied friendships among teenage girls and found that girl peer groups were deeply rooted in patriarchy and expectations of how females should be.

Answer 31

She explored how boys learn to be men in peer groups. Gender power based on 'hyper masculinity' was the main source of identity for 'macho lads'. They valued the 3 Fs. Football, fighting and fucking.

Answer 32

She explains how children are socialised into their gender through to different ways. Manipulation: encouraging behaviour suitable for each gender. For example, aplauding a boy for getting muddy but discouraging a girl from doing it. Canalisation: parents channeling their child to play games suitable for their gender e.g dolls for girls and football for boys

Answer 33

She found that girls also spent time drinking, smoking and swearing for fear of doing otherwise would result in them being considered unpopular.

Answer 34

She looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour where women wanted to be seen as anything but the stereotype of a woman.

Answer 35

She says there are 3 main types of masculinity: - hegemonic masculinity which is most common and most reinforced - subordinate masculinity which is associated with homosexual males - marginalised masculinity which is associated with unemployed men which is not accepted as 'real' masculinity.

Answer 36

This term refers to the insecurity felt by working class men. This is due to the loss of 'bread winnder' identity with the decline in traditional male industries. E.g mining, shipbuilding

Answer 37

She questioned both employed and unemployed men about what they thought was most important about being a man. The employed said that they valued drinking, sexual conquests and fighting. The unemployed men said that it was having a job and felt emasculatred due to their unemploment.

Answer 38

Usually seen as a group who share similar economic situations. Social class can effect an individuals upbringing and related issues such as housing and health.

Answer 39

some aspects that can judge social class can be: - income - possessions - holidays - accent

Answer 40

They say that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility. They operate 'social closure' which means that their daily lives are separate from the rest of the population. They also participate in exclusive sports such as hunting and polo.

Answer 41

The new 'super rich' are based on achieved status and are much more significant.

Answer 42

They are seen as the majority of the population. They are associated with those who have proffessional careers and are usually university educated. The middle class is a very diverse group.

Answer 43

He said that there is an 'upper middle' a 'middle middle' and a 'lower middle' class. This is to highlight the differences within the middle class.

Answer 44

- used to form the majority of the population - traditionally made up of manual workers - romanticised as a hard-working, straight- talking 'salt of the earth' identity - many of who are middle class in terms of education, career or income still claim that they are working class.

Answer 45

He says that the decline in trade union memberships and the manufacturing sector has eroded working class identities.

Answer 46

Studied working class women who felt humiliated by being judged by doctors, teachers etc. As a result they made a strenuous effort to look 'respectable' and took pride in their appearence.

Answer 47

Originally used by sociologists from conflict perspectives who wanted to draw attention to the social exclusion experienced by those at the bottom of society.

Answer 48

It is used in a negative way to describe those who rely on benefits and are blamed for their own situation.

Answer 49

It is used in a negative way to describe those who rely on benefits and are blamed for their own situation.

Answer 50

He argues that overgenerous benefits encourages people to develop a culture where they do not take responsibility for their own actions and expect to be looked after by the state.

Answer 51

They say that there has been a shift from production to consumption and we are defined by what we buy, not what we do.

Answer 52

Fewer and fewer individuals share a common experience of full-time work. The days when people had a job for life are gone. We are all able to creater our own identities regardless of the social class of our families.

Answer 53

Choices and oppurtunities are available to everyone. The possibilty of going to university, travelling and buying your own home is available to everyone.

Answer 54

It remains the most significant indicator of outcomes such as health, education and life expectancy. There is also a lot of evidence to suggest a difference in culture and lifestyle between people from different social classes.

Answer 55

Relates to how you identify your sexuality.

Answer 56

He says that not many would say 'im heterosexual' but saying 'i'm gay' or 'i'm lesbian' makes a statement about belonging.

Answer 57

It was considered a mental illness and a crime in the UK. However, attitudes towards homoswxuality have changed within the last 50 years. But in countries like Uganda and Nigeria, homosexuality is illegal.

Answer 58

He points out that sexual identification is a strange thing. He says that there are people who identify as gay and participate in the gay community but do not participate in same-sex sexual encounters. And there are people who have same-sex sexual encounters but not identify themselves as gay.

Answer 59

He did a study on young male prositutes and found that they regarded themselves as heterosexual, despite having sex with men for money. They actively despised the men who they had sex with as a way of neutralising their behaviour.

Answer 60

He discusses the 'homosexual career' where a male accepts the label of homosexual and joins a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm. It is suggested that it is not actually sexual attraction that creates the 'homosexual' but the acceptance and internalisation of the identity.

Answer 61

She says that women's sexuality is opressed through things such as marriage, sexual violence and through sexual objectification. She uses the term 'compulsory heterosexuality' to describe how women are socialised to be heteroseual and available to men. She said that most women are not inherently heterosexual but it is forced upon them.

Answer 62

publicly changed in Britain, no longer seen as a condiion and is accepted.

Answer 63

- age of consent for sexual intercourse was equalised in 2000 - equality act 2010 makes it unlawful to discriminate against any individual on the grounds of sexuality.

Answer 64

Our age identity is affected by how our age makes us feel. The world is run by adults and often young and old people's identities are negatively affected due to their age and often due to a lack f power and status.

Answer 65

the stages of life are often related to childhood, adulthood and elderly. Ages at which they start an end vary, which is why they can be seen as socially constructed.

Answer 66

In some cultures which are different to the UK, children are not seen as innocen, dependent and vulnerable. For example, children fight as soldiers and marriage is consideed for girls. Even in the UK, children worked in factories and even had families before their 18th birthday.

Answer 67

He argued that childhood emerged when the spread of literacy enabled adults to better shield children from aspects of life. For example, aspects of sexuality, death and disease. Which created the 'innocent' child.

Answer 68

A stage of life which is associated with those between the ages pf 12 and 25. Youth is socially constructed as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and a time of rebellion.

Answer 69

Some cultures have no concept of 'youth'. Through initiation ceremonies, such as the one seen in the Hamar tribe, childhood ends one day and adulthood begins.

Answer 70

Normally characterised by a career and family. Most people establish relationships, have children and establish careers during this time.

Answer 71

associated wih those in their fourties and fifties. Seen as a positive stage of life but also a negative one as it is associated with 'mid life crisis' and 'empty nest syndrome'

Answer 72

He argues that it has higher status than youth or old age as middle- aged people hold more power at work.

Answer 73

Associated with those between the ages of 65 upwards. UK culture admires youth and the beauty of yothful bodies. In contrast, ageing bodies represent ugliness and degeneration.

Answer 74

The language used by older participants in Corner's study was mostly negative, reflecting that used by the media and popular culture. Participants described the 'burden' of the ageing population. They also feared becoming a 'burden' themselves and the stereotypes of later life of ill health and dependency.

Answer 75

They look at trends such as living and working for longer. Anti-ageing procedures and the extension of 'youth' shows how age is becoming more fluid

Answer 76

The medias image of ageing is the source of negative stereotype. But can also create new identities where more positive images emerge. For example the emergence of 'retro' fashions help blur the boundaries of the life course.

Answer 77

Thiose who live with a physical or mental impairment often find that it is their most significant aspect, especially in how they are seen by others

Answer 78

It sees disability as a medical problem and focuses on the limitations caused by impairment. This approach defines a disabled person by their impairment. It leads to a 'victim mentality' where the problem lies with the individual and not the society that has not met their needs.

Answer 79

He argues that disabled people are socialised to see themselves as victims. Which creates a 'victim mentality'. He also says that disabled people are socialised to see themselves as inferior so are often isolated from eachother.

Answer 80

Focuses on the social and physical barriers, such as the design of buildings, that deny access to those with a disability. They argue that society is the disabling factor. They believe that disability is theirfore socially consrtucted as it rests on assumptions of what is normal and what is not normal.

Answer 81

Disability carries a stigma which affects the interactions between them and other people. Interactionists would call it a master status, where it transcends into all aspects of identity and becomes their defining characteristic.

Answer 82

Describes that some disabled people may internalise the idea that they are unable to change a situation and thus fail to take action themselves. It has been argued that policies such as segregated schoolong has encouraged learned helplessness.

Answer 83

He says that a disabled person is able to construct their own identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it.