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GCSE OCR Computer Science > paper 1 - section 3 > Flashcards

paper 1 - section 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are ethical issues about?

A

what would be considered right and wrong by society

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2
Q

what are legal issues about?

A

what’s actually right and wrong in the eyes of the law

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3
Q

what are cultural issues about?

A

how groups of people with particular beliefs, practices or languages may be affected, e.g. ethnic groups, religions, countries

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4
Q

what are environmental issues about?

A

how we impact the natural world

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5
Q

what are stakeholders?

A

individuals or groups of people who have an interest in or are affected by a particular scenario (e.g. the actions of a company or the development of a new technology)

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6
Q

what are some examples of stakeholders?

A

a company’s owners, its employees, the shop that sells the company’s product, customers, the company’s hardware suppliers and the local community

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7
Q

what could companies do with your personal information?

A

companies may make your personal information, photos, etc. available to other website users or organisations (who might use it to send you targeted adverts or spam emails). Companies can do lots with your information as long as they stay within the bounds of the privacy agreement

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8
Q

what is internet censorship?

A

when someone tries to control what other people can access on the internet. some countries’ governments use censorship to restrict access to certain information

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9
Q

what are two countries that use internet censorship, and in what way do they do it?

A

one of the strictest countries for censorship is China, where they restrict access to websites which are critical of the government. China also censors many major foreign websites, including facebook, twitter and youtube. in cuba, citizens can only access the internet from government-controlled access points

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10
Q

what are some ways that many countries (including the UK) use censorship?

A

they restrict access to pornography, gambling and other inappropriate websites in order to protect children

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11
Q

what is computer surveillance?

A

when someone monitors what other people are accessing on the internet

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12
Q

is it common for governments to use some form of surveillance?

A

yes

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13
Q

what is a way government intelligence agencies may use computer surveillance?

A

they may use packet sniffers and other software to monitor internet traffic, looking out for certain key words or phrases that may alert them to illegal activities, terrorism, etc.

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14
Q

how are internet service providers used for computer surveillance in some countries?

A

Internet service providers keep records of all websites visited by all its customers for a certain amount of time

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15
Q

what are two controversial topics/issues in computer science?

A

censorship and surveillance

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16
Q

what are two reasons people might support censorship or surveillance in some form?

A

to protect children or stop terrorism

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17
Q

how do smartphones make it easier for people’s work to intrude into other areas of life?

A

employees may be expected to carry a smartphone all the time, so that they can always be contact - the smartphone may beep each time that they get a work e-mail. This can be stressful for employees who feel they can never really switch off from work

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18
Q

how has technology increased peer pressure?

A

children feel pressure to own the latest device for fear of being bullied by their peers. Parents feel pressured into buying them

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19
Q

what are three ways new technology can impact our social well-being?

A
  1. increased peer pressure
  2. makes it easier for work to intrude into other areas of life
  3. face-to-face social interaction can be neglected
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20
Q

what is cyberbullying?

A

when somebody uses social media to deliberately harm someone else. this includes trying to intimidate or insult someone, or trying to humiliate or defame them (damage their reputation)

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21
Q

what is trolling?

A

when somebody tries to cause public arguments with others online. For example, the troll may take part in a political discussion online, but only to make comments which would frustrate the other members of the discussion

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22
Q

what are two reasons that people troll others?

A

for their own amusement or to gain attention

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23
Q

what are two things that may be a result of the anonymity the internet gives people?

A

cyberbullying and trolling - they say things online that they wouldn’t say face-to-face

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24
Q

why could sending sexually explicit messages or images to other people be dangerous?

A

the person receiving the images might not be trustworthy - social media allows them to forward someone else’s images to anyone they want. there are now laws that prevent this.

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25
Q

when you’re answering essay questions on these issues, what should you think about?

A

what groups are affected (stakeholders) and what issues (legal/ethical/cultural/environmental) it raises

26
Q

the internet has made it easier for children to access inappropriate material, like pornography, drugs and gambling. What can parents and schools use to try to stop children seeing it?

A

parental-control software

27
Q

what can eyestrain be caused by?

A

looking at a device’s screen for too long

28
Q

when is eyestrain a particular problem?

A

if the device is used in bad lighting, the screen is flickering or there is sunlight glare on the screen

29
Q

how can eyestrain be prevented?

A

by using suitable lighting, keeping the screen a good distance away from your eyes and taking regular breaks from using your device.

30
Q

what is repetitive strain injury (RSI)?

A

when parts of the body (normally fingers and wrists) become damaged as a result of repeated movements over a long period of time, such as typing on a keyboard

31
Q

how can RSI (repetitive strain injury) be prevented?

A

by having correct posture, arranging your desk appropriately and taking regular breaks

32
Q

what are back pains normally caused by?

A

poor posture

33
Q

how can you prevent back pains?

A

by using an adjustable chair, a foot rest and/or an adjustable monitor, and ensuring that you aren’t sitting at an awkward angle

34
Q

what are three health problems using technology too much can cause?

A

eyestrain, repetitive strain injury (RSI) and back problems

35
Q

what is the sharing economy?

A

the name given to services which use new technology to let people make money from things they already own - e.g. Airbnb uses the internet to let you rent out a room in your house to tourists

36
Q

what is an advantage of the sharing economy?

A

it makes things cheaper

37
Q

what are some disadvantages of the sharing economy?

A

they draw customers away from original businesses, and they may be more risky for sharers and customers

38
Q

what is the digital divide created by?

A

the fact that some people have greater access to technology than others

39
Q

what are some examples of how people are advantaged by having access to the internet?

A

people can use the internet to apply for jobs or university courses, access a range of services from banking to retail, and keep in touch with friends. people who have a limited access to the internet are therefore at a heavy disadvantage

40
Q

what are 3 causes of the digital divide?

A
  1. some people don’t have enough money to buy new devices like smartphones and laptops, which can be very expensive
  2. urban areas are likely to have greater network coverage than rural areas
  3. some people don’t know how to use the internet and other new technologies, and so are shut out of the opportunities they offer. this is a problem for many older people who haven’t grown up with computers and so have little experience with them
41
Q

what is the global divide created by?

A

the fact that the level of access to technology is different in different countries. people in richer countries tend to have greater access to technology than people in poorer countries. the internet and other technologies have created lots of opportunities for the people with access to them, so this has increased the inequality between poorer and richer countries

42
Q

what is One Laptop Per Child?

A

a charity which provides laptops to children in Africa, Central Asia and South America. it is one of the several projects that have been set up to combat the digital and global divides

43
Q

what are plastics used for in devices, and where do they come from?

A

they are used for casting and other parts, and they come from crude oil

44
Q

what precious metals do devices contain?

A

any three from: gold, silver, copper, mercury, palladium, platinum and indium

45
Q

how is making devices bad for the environment?

A

extracting the raw materials for electronic devices uses lots of energy, creates pollution and depletes scarce natural resources

46
Q

how is most electricity made, and how is this relevant to computer science?

A

most electricity is made using non-renewable resources like coal oil and gas - the billions of devices in the world today are consuming lots of energy in the form of electricity. Extracting the resources to make electricity and producing electricity in power stations causes lots of pollution including greenhouse gasses

47
Q

all computers generate heat. how does this increase the negative environmental effects from computers?

A

all computers generate heat and therefore require cooling. the powerful servers used by businesses and the internet are a particular problem. they’re very power hungry and require special air-conditioned rooms to keep them cool. this means using even more energy and more pollution

48
Q

how do devices waste a lot of energy?

A

servers normally only use a small proportion of their processing power. people often leave their desktops, laptops and smartphones idle. this means that these devices are using a lot of energy without actually doing anything

49
Q

what are three ways to reduce the amount of energy wasted by devices?

A
  1. virtual servers are software-based servers rather than real machines. multiple virtual servers can run on one physical server, so the physical server can run at full capacity
  2. most modern devices include sleep and hibernation modes to reduce their power consumption when they are idle
  3. don’t leave electronic devices (TVs, laptops, etc.) on standby
50
Q

what do we create when we throw away devices?

A

lots of E-waste

51
Q

how much e-waste does the world create each year?

A

20-50 million tonnes

52
Q

how are device manufacturers and retailers part of the problem of E-waste?

A

they provide short warranties (e.g. 1 year), use marketing to convince people to upgrade and have pricing policies that make it cheaper to replace than to repair

53
Q

what was the Waste Electricity and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) directive created for?

A

to tackle the e-waste problem

54
Q

how does the WEEE plan to tackle the e-waste problem?

A

it has rules for disposing of e-waste safely, to promote reuse (e.g. refurbishing broken devices to use again) and recycling (e.g. extracting the devices’ precious metals)

55
Q

why is a lot of e-waste sent to certain african and asian countries?

A

to cut costs, and regulations are less strict there

56
Q

where does most of the e-waste end up in britain?

A

landfill - it can be a hazard as toxic chemicals can leak into the ground water and harm wildlife

57
Q

what are 2 positive environmental effects of devices?

A

they let us communicate without having to travel long distances in pollution-spouting vehicles, and reduce our need for paper

58
Q

what are two reasons why someone might give their personal details to a website?

A

many websites (e.g. social media, banking and retail) require users to provide personal information in order to set up and account, e.g. date of birth and address

social media websites actively encourage users to upload personal files to their servers

59
Q

name two problems with many online companies’ privacy agreements

A
  1. very few people actually read the privacy agreements, so are unaware of what they’re agreeing to
  2. users have no choice to agree if they want to use the website or software at all
60
Q

what can you do to make the information you share online more private?

A

change you privacy settings on social media sites.

61
Q

give three examples of how technology and the internet have shaped our culture

A
  1. selfies - they’ve become really popular due to being able to take them and share them more easily, but they could be seen as a sign that social media is gradually making people more attention-seeking and self-obsessed
  2. viral videos - a big aim for companies, politicians, celebrities and charities in their promotional campaigns
  3. social media and blogging websites - give a voice to groups of people who might have been ignored my mainstream media
62
Q

what are 2 potential problems with privacy settings on social media?

A
  1. websites often have fairly relaxed privacy settings by default
  2. they can have privacy settings that are hard to find and hard to understand

GCSE OCR Computer Science (15 decks)

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