Paper 1 Section 1

Question 1

Describe the distribution of UK’s upland and lowland areas

Answer 1

The Upland areas are located in the North West of the UK. particularly in Scotland and Wales.
The lowland areas are in the South East of the UK.

Question 2

Which areas of the UK were glaciated during the last
ice age? (covered by ice)

Answer 2

The north west of the UK e.g. Snowdonia and Lake district

Question 3

What is the climate like in the UK’s upland areas?

Answer 3

Relief rainfall = rain surplus
Higher altitude = colder weather
More mist cloud and snow
Windy - exposed

Question 4

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

Answer 4

Weathering happens ‘in situ’ one place. Erosion happens as sediment is transported/ taken away e.g. moving river or waves

Question 5

Name 3 different types of weathering.

Answer 5

Chemical, biological and mechanical.

Question 6

How long ago did the last Ice –Age end in the UK?

Answer 6

Around 10,000 years ago

Question 7

Name an example of an igneous rock.

Answer 7

Pumice or granite, basalt

Question 8

Explain how chemical weathering can happen.

Answer 8

Some rocks altered by water. limestone. weakened by oxidation.
Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere makes the rain acidic. It can dissolve chalk and limestone

Question 9

What is meant by “geomorphic processes?”

Answer 9

Earth changing/moving – weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition.

Question 10

Name three human activities that take place in upland areas.

Answer 10

Forestry, reservoirs and dams, tourism: hiking, hill sheep farming

Question 11

Why are upland areas suitable for building dams and reservoirs? (3 reasons)

Answer 11

Steep slopes, high rainfall, sparsely populated, natural deep valleys

Question 12

Explain how freeze-thaw action works.

Answer 12

Water gets into the cracks, freezes, expands puts pressure on the rock. When temperatures rise it thaws and contracts. Repeated over time and the rock breaks down

Question 13

Why does arable farming take place in lowland areas of the UK?

Answer 13

Large areas of flat land, these areas have deep nutrient rich soil which are ideal for farming crops.

Question 14

What is mass movement? (Give two examples)

Answer 14

Large scale movement of material under the influence of gravity
Sliding top down and slumping from the bottom

Question 15

Name the four processes of erosion. (HA, Ab, At, So)
.

Answer 15

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution

Question 16

What are the four processes of Transport? How does a river carry sediment along? (T, S, S, S)

Answer 16

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution.

Question 17

A river, glacier or the sea “dumps” sediment. What is a better word than “dumps?”

Answer 17

Deposits (deposition)

Question 18

Name four features or landforms that you would expect to see in an area that had been glaciated.

Answer 18

Erratic (large boulders), scree slope, corrie, u-shape valley. Tarn lake

Question 19

Explain how a river can erode its bed and banks by hydraulic action

Answer 19

The power of the water weakens the rocks, creating cracks in the bank and bed. When water is forced into the cracks it expands, increasing pressure and rock breaks apart.

Question 20

How can the type of rock affect the speed of erosion by the sea?

Answer 20

The softer the rock the quicker it is eroded for example clay erodes very quickly

Question 21

Name a rock that can be eroded by solution

Answer 21

Limestone

Question 22

Explain how a river creates a V shaped valley near the source.

Answer 22

In the upper course of the valley the river is eroding down wards (vertical erosion) this creates a steep sided river channel. Over many years these steep sides are weathered away (e.g. freeze/thaw action) and the sides fall into the river. This leaves a V shape

Question 23

Explain how waterfalls are formed. (4 points)

Answer 23

Bands of hard rock over a band of soft rock (sandstone over mudstone)
Soft rock eroded more quickly creating a plunge pool at the bottom of the waterfall. Overtime due to abrasion and hydraulic action the plunge pool undercuts the hard rock and creates an overhang. The overhang eventually collapses as it is unsupported and the whole process repeats.

Question 24

How are large boulders transported along a riverbed?

Answer 24

Traction

Question 25

In which stage of the river does it start to meander?

Answer 25

Middle

Question 26

Where does the fastest water flow at a meander? (What feature is found here?)

Answer 26

The outside bend, a river cliff

Question 27

How are levees formed? (4 points)

Answer 27

River floods repeatedly, overtime it drops the heaviest sediment nearest to the riverbank due to loss of energy from friction. As the flooding continues a natural bank of coarse sediment is formed (embankment) . The finer material as it is lighter travels further onto the flood plain.

Question 28

What are floodplains made up of?

Answer 28

Alluvium soil from the nutrient rich sediment that has been deposited by the river.

Question 29

Which of the following features are found in the upper course of a river? (3 of them)

Answer 29

Mouth Source Rapids Slower Velocity Estuary Levee

Question 30

How are headlands formed along a coastline?

Answer 30

When there is hard rock either side of a band of soft rock the waves erode the softer rock at a faster pace. This means it retreats inwards to form a curved bay. The harder rock either side sticks out into the sea to form headlands.

Question 31

Explain how sand is transported along the coastline.

Answer 31

Longshore drift. The prevailing wind brings the wave in, (swash) at a angle, back out at 90 degrees to the beach (backwash) This moves sediment along the coastline in the direction of the prevailing wind.

Question 32

Name four features that can be formed when a headland is eroded. (C, A, S and S)
.

Answer 32

Cave, arch, stack and stump

Question 33

How are beaches formed?

Answer 33

Deposition, often in sheltered areas e.g. bays. Constructive waves add sediment to the shoreline overtime. Beaches are gently sloping towards the sea and can be made up of sand, shingle or pebbles. The finest material is often found closest to the waterline and the larger material towards the back (deposited in storms)

Question 34

Explain how a spit is formed.

Answer 34

Longshore drift carries material along the coastline. When there is a curve or change in direction of the coastline longshore drift continues in the direction of the prevailing wind depositing material into the sea. Over time this builds up to create a finger like projection sticking out into the sea. The end of the spit often curves due to wind and wave action. Behind the spit is very sheltered so more deposition occurs, and a salt marsh is formed