Paper 1- Particles and Mixtures

Question 1

Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a solid

Answer 1

• Strong forces of attraction between particles
• this holds them close together
• in fixed positions
• particles don’t move so keep a definite shape and volume
• particles vibrate about their positions

Question 2

Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a liquid

Answer 2

• weak force of attraction between particles
• randomly arranged and free to move
• tend to stick closely together
• particles are constantly moving

Question 3

Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a gas

Answer 3

• force of attraction between particles is very weak
• particles are free to move and are far apart
• don’t have a definite shape/ volume

Question 4

solid to gas =

Answer 4

subliming

Question 5

solid to liquid=

Answer 5

melting

Question 6

liquid to solid=

Answer 6

freezing

Question 7

liquid to gas=

Answer 7

evaporating

Question 8

gas to liquid=

Answer 8

condensing

Question 9

definition of diffusison

Answer 9

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 10

How does the experiment between potassium manganate and water demonstrate the movement of particles

Answer 10

1) take beaker of water and place potassium manganate at the bottom
- purple colour slowly spreads out to fill the beaker

• particles of potassium manganate are diffusing out among the particles of water
• its the random motion of particles in a liquid that allows this to happen

Question 11

How does the experiment between ammonia and hydrogen chloride demonstrate the movement of particles

Answer 11

-a white ring of ammonium chloride forms closest to the cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid in the glass tube

Question 12

How does the experiment between bromine gas and air demonstrate the movement of particles

Answer 12

• fill half a gas jar full of bromine gas and the other half full of air, separate gases with a glass plate
• when you remove the glass plate, bromine slowly diffuses through the air
• the random motions of particles means the bromine will eventually diffuse through the air

Question 13

Definition of solvent

Answer 13

the liquid its dissolving into

Question 14

Definition of solute

Answer 14

The substance being dissolved

Question 15

Definition of solution

Answer 15

A mixture of solute and a solvent that doesn’t separate out

Question 16

Definition of saturated solution

Answer 16

A solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved

Question 17

Definition of solubility

Answer 17

A measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent

Question 18

Equation for solubility

Answer 18

solubility = mass of solid(g)/ mass of water removed (g) x 100

Question 19

What do atoms contain

Answer 19

protons
neurons
electrons

Question 20

What is the relative mass and relative charge for a proton

Answer 20

relative mass- 1

relative charge- +1

Question 21

What is the relative mass and relative charge for a neutron

Answer 21

relative mass- 1

relative charge- 0

Question 22

What is the relative mass and relative charge for an electron

Answer 22

relative mass- 0.0005

relative charge- -1

Question 23

definition of an atom

Answer 23

the smallest part of an element that can exist

Question 24

Definition of a molecule

Answer 24

A molecule is a group of 2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds

Question 25

Meaning of atomic number on an element in the periodic table

Answer 25

• tells you how many protons there are

- bottom small number on element

Question 26

Meaning of mass number on an element in the periodic table

Answer 26

• total of protons and neutrons in the atom

- top small number on element

Question 27

Meaning of an isotope

Answer 27

different atomic forms of the same element, which have same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 28

Meaning of relative atomic mass

Answer 28

-average mass of all isotopes of an element

Question 29

How do you calculate relative atomic mass (Ar)

Answer 29

• multiply mass of each isotope by its relative abundance
• add together
• divide by sum of relative abundances

e.g. (35.0x3)+(37.0x1) = 35.5
3+1

Question 30

Name the 5 experimental techniques for the separation of mixtures

Answer 30

• simple distillation
• fractional distillation
• filtration
• crystallisation
• paper chromatography.

Question 31

What is filtration used for

Answer 31

-to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

Question 32

What is crystallisation used for

Answer 32

-to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

Question 33

What is chromatography used for

Answer 33

to separate mixtures as different dyes move up the paper at different rates

Question 34

How do you calculate the Rf

Answer 34

distance travelled by solute/ distance travelled by solvent