Paper 1- Particles and Mixtures Flashcards
Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a solid
- Strong forces of attraction between particles
- this holds them close together
- in fixed positions
- particles don’t move so keep a definite shape and volume
- particles vibrate about their positions
Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a liquid
- weak force of attraction between particles
- randomly arranged and free to move
- tend to stick closely together
- particles are constantly moving
Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of a gas
- force of attraction between particles is very weak
- particles are free to move and are far apart
- don’t have a definite shape/ volume
solid to gas =
subliming
solid to liquid=
melting
liquid to solid=
freezing
liquid to gas=
evaporating
gas to liquid=
condensing
definition of diffusison
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
How does the experiment between potassium manganate and water demonstrate the movement of particles
1) take beaker of water and place potassium manganate at the bottom
- purple colour slowly spreads out to fill the beaker
- particles of potassium manganate are diffusing out among the particles of water
- its the random motion of particles in a liquid that allows this to happen
How does the experiment between ammonia and hydrogen chloride demonstrate the movement of particles
-a white ring of ammonium chloride forms closest to the cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid in the glass tube
How does the experiment between bromine gas and air demonstrate the movement of particles
- fill half a gas jar full of bromine gas and the other half full of air, separate gases with a glass plate
- when you remove the glass plate, bromine slowly diffuses through the air
- the random motions of particles means the bromine will eventually diffuse through the air
Definition of solvent
the liquid its dissolving into
Definition of solute
The substance being dissolved
Definition of solution
A mixture of solute and a solvent that doesn’t separate out
Definition of saturated solution
A solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved
Definition of solubility
A measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent
Equation for solubility
solubility = mass of solid(g)/ mass of water removed (g) x 100
What do atoms contain
protons
neurons
electrons
What is the relative mass and relative charge for a proton
relative mass- 1
relative charge- +1
What is the relative mass and relative charge for a neutron
relative mass- 1
relative charge- 0
What is the relative mass and relative charge for an electron
relative mass- 0.0005
relative charge- -1
definition of an atom
the smallest part of an element that can exist
Definition of a molecule
A molecule is a group of 2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds
Meaning of atomic number on an element in the periodic table
- tells you how many protons there are
- bottom small number on element
Meaning of mass number on an element in the periodic table
- total of protons and neutrons in the atom
- top small number on element
Meaning of an isotope
different atomic forms of the same element, which have same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Meaning of relative atomic mass
-average mass of all isotopes of an element
How do you calculate relative atomic mass (Ar)
- multiply mass of each isotope by its relative abundance
- add together
- divide by sum of relative abundances
e.g. (35.0x3)+(37.0x1) = 35.5
3+1
Name the 5 experimental techniques for the separation of mixtures
- simple distillation
- fractional distillation
- filtration
- crystallisation
- paper chromatography.
What is filtration used for
-to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
What is crystallisation used for
-to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
What is chromatography used for
to separate mixtures as different dyes move up the paper at different rates
How do you calculate the Rf
distance travelled by solute/ distance travelled by solvent
