Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IGCSE Chemistry EDEXCEL > Paper 1- Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Paper 1- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a general formula?

A
  • algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds
  • e.g. CnH2n
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms in compound

-e.g. CH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

actual number of atoms of each element

-e.g. C2H4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

shows how atoms are arranged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

shows arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon

-e.g. CH2CH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a group of compounds that can be represented by the same general formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the stem words for number of carbons?

A 
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are isomers?

A

two or more molecules with the same molecular formulae but different structural formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

a compound of hydrogen and carbon only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are isomers hard to spot

A
  • differently shaped carbon chains
  • functional groups in different places
  • different functional groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is crude oil?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are compounds in crude oil separated?

A

fractional distillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is crude oil separated in?

A

fractionating column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the hottest part of a fractionating column?

A

bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do longer hydrocarbons have?

A

high boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do shorter hydrocarbons have?

A

lower boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do bubble caps do?

A

stop separated liquid from running out down the column and remixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of hydrocarbons?

A

saturated and unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

only contain single bonds between carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the process of how crude oil is sepretaed into different hydrocarbon fractions

A
  • oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas
  • gases enter a fractionatin column and the liquid bit, bitumen, is drained off
  • in the column there is a temperature gradient
  • when the substances that make up crude oil reach a part of the column where the temp is lower than boiling point they condense (turn back into liquid)
  • longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points- so drain out of column early on (near bottom)
  • short hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so turn to a liquid and drain out later on (near top of column where its cooler)
  • bubble caps prevent the separated liquid from running back down the column and remixing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the order fractions from top to bottom?

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cracking?

A

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe long hydrocarbons?

A
  • high boiling points

- viscous (thick and gloopy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe shorter hydrocarbons?

A
  • lower boiling points
  • thinner
  • paler
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which hydrocarbon (short or long) is higher in demand

A

Demand for short hydrocarbons, which is used in petrol, is higher than for longer-chain hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What occurs to long-chain hydrocarbons to make them more useful

A

-they are split into more useful short-chain molecules using cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is diesel cracked into?

A
  • petrol
  • paraffin
  • ethene for polymers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is cracking a form of?

A

thermal decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does cracking also produce as well as breaking molecules down

A

alkenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the conditions for cracking?

Describe the process that occurs

A
  • heat, plus a catalyst
  • vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a powdered catalyst at about 600-700 degrees
  • Silica (SiO2) or Alumina (al2O3) are used as the catalyst
  • alkane is heated until vaporised
  • then breaks down when it comes into contact with catalyst producing short- chain alkanes and alkenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which catalysts can be used in cracking?

A
  • silica

- alumina

34
Q

What happens when you burn a fuel?

A

releases energy in form of heat

35
Q

What is burning a fuel also known as?

A

-combustion reaction

36
Q

Why do hydrocarbons make great fuels?

A

as the combustion reaction that happens when you burn them in oxygen gives out lots of energy

37
Q

hydrocarbon + oxygen =

A

carbon dioxide + water

38
Q

What is complete combustion

A

-when you burn hydrocarbons in plenty of oxygen, the only products are CO2 and water

39
Q

What type of reaction is hydrogen + oxygen?

A

complete combustion

40
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce?

A

carbon monoxide + soot + carbon

41
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

when there is not enough oxygen around

42
Q

How is carbon monoxide is poisonous?

A
  • It combines to red blood cells and stops blood doing proper job of carrying oxygen round the body
  • lack of oxygen in blood supply can result in death
43
Q

What is acid rain caused by?

A
  • sulfur dioxide

- nitrogen oxides

44
Q

When may sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides be produced?

A

when fractions from crude oils are burned

45
Q

Where does sulfur dioxide come from?

A

comes from sulfur impurities in hydrocarbon fuel

46
Q

How are nitrogen oxides formed?

A
  • when temp is high enough for nitrogen and oxygen react in the air
  • this often happens in car engines
47
Q

What is made when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour in the clouds?

A
  • dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid

- the rain that then falls from these clouds is known as acid rain

48
Q

Why is acid rain an issue?

A
  • causes lakes to become acidic

- many plants and animals die as a result

49
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • saturated hydrocarbons
  • they are chains of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms
  • single bonds between carbon atoms
50
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

51
Q

What are the names of the first five alkanes?

A 
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
52
Q

What do alkanes burn in?

A

complete combustion reactions

53
Q

Write the word equation for the burning of propane

A

propane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

54
Q

What do alkanes react with and what is this called?

A

alkanes react with halogens to form haloalkanes

55
Q

What type of light is needed to make a haloalkane?

A

ultraviolet light

56
Q

What type of reaction is a haloalkane made in?

A

substitution reaction

57
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

hydrogen atom from alkane is substituted with chlorine or bromine

58
Q

Write the word equation for the reaction of bromine with an alkane (methane)

A

methane + bromine -> bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

59
Q

What are alkenes?

A
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons

- double bond between two carbon atoms

60
Q

Name the first three alkenes?

A

ethene
propene
butene

61
Q

What is alkenes general formula?

A

CnH2n

62
Q

What do alkenes react with to form?

A

alkenes react with halogens to form haloalkenes

63
Q

Write the word equation for the reaction of bromine with an alkene (ethene)

A

ethene + bromine -> dibromoethane

64
Q

What type of reaction is a haloalkene made in?

-why

A

addition reaction

-as C=C double bond is split and a halogen atom is added to each of the carbons

65
Q

How do you test for an alkene?

A
  • shake an alkene with orange bromine water
  • solution will become colourless
  • as bromine molecules which are orange are reacting with alkene to make a dibromoalkane which is colourless
66
Q

Molecular formula for ethene
Structural formula for ethene
Displayed formula for ethene

A

Molecular formula for ethene: C2H4

Structural formula for ethene: CH2CH2

Displayed formula for ethene:

H               H
   \            /
     C = C
    /        \
H             H
67
Q

What is alkenes functional group?

A

C=C

68
Q

what is the prefix for alkanes?

A

-ane

69
Q

What is the prefix for alkenes?

A

-ene

70
Q

What are addition polymers made from?

A

-unsaturated monomers

71
Q

How is an addition polymer formed?

A

by joining up many small molecules called

monomers

72
Q

What are polymers?

A

-A large molecule made when many small molecules (monomers) join together. Consists of many repeat units.

73
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

When lots of unsaturated monomer molecules open up their carbon-carbon double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

74
Q

What are Monomers?

A

Molecules which can join up to form a polymer.

75
Q

What does ethene become in addition polymerisation?

-how does its displayed formula change

A

poly(ethene)- (c2H4)n

ethene displayed formula:
H               H
   \            /
     C = C
    /        \
H             H

—> pressure and a catalyst

H H H H H H
-C-C-C-C-C-C-
H H H H H H
poly(ethene)

76
Q

What does propene become in addition polymerisation?

-how does its displayed formula change

A

poly(propene)- (C3H6)n

propene displayed formula:
H               H
   \            /
     C = C
    /        \
H             CH3

—> pressure and a catalyst

H H
(-C-C-) n
H CH3

poly(propene)

77
Q

Why is it diffiuclt to get rid of addition polymers

A
  • as most addition polymers are inert - they don’t react easily
  • as the carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer are very strong and aren’t easily broken
  • this means it takes a v long time for addition polymers to biodegrade
  • the burning of plastics also release toxic gases, so you can’t get rid of addition polymers that way
78
Q

Name 2 ways why polymers are hard to get rid of

A
  • it takes a long time for addition polymers to biodegrade

- you can’t burn them either as that releases toxic gases

79
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

Polymerisation of monomers in which each time two monomers combine, a small molecule such as water or hydrogen chloride is removed (e.g. a dicarboxylic acid and a diol).

80
Q

When do polyesters form

A

-when dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers react together

81
Q

write the displayed formula of a polyester,

A

look in book

82
Q

What is a Biopolyester

A

A polyester which is biodegradable.

-they decompose and don’t stay in the land forever

IGCSE Chemistry EDEXCEL (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions