Paper 1: Memory Flashcards by William Henning

What’s the difference between the Working Memory Model and the Multi-store memory model?

The multi-store model is the whole explanation of the system of memory. The Working Memory Model is the detailed evolution of the STM section of the multi-store model.

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Who devised the multi-store model?

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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Who created the Working memory Model?

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

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What are the 3 stages of the multi-store model?

Sensory Register, Short Term memory and Long Term Memory.

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How is memory transferred from one store to another?

Sensory Register is transferred to STM through attention. STM is reinforced through rehearsal and is brought from LTM through retrieval. STM is transferred to LTM through transfer.

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What are the two stores in the Sensory Register?

The iconic and echoic store.

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What is the capacity and duration of the Sensory Register?

Almost unlimited capacity because it requires the use of all the senses however the duration is very short eg 500 milliseconds to 2 seconds.

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What is encoding in the terms of SR to STM?

Raw information is changed to something digestible, either visually (an image of ice-cream), acoustically (the word ice-cream) or semantically (the concept of an ice-cream).

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Who tested the capacity of the STM?

Jacobs (1887), 7 chunks and 9 numbers.

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What is the duration of the STM?

30 second.

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What are the duration and capacity of the LTM?

Anything longer than 30 seconds and unlimited capacity.

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What evidence supports the multi-store model?

Duration of Long Term Memory- Bahrick et al (1975) could remember 80% of friends 48 years later.
Existence of separate stores shown by Glazner and Cunitz (1966)

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What are the weaknesses of the multi-store model?

Both STM and LTM are overly simplistic as compared to the working memory model.

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What are the 4 separate components of the WWM?

The Central Executive connects the phonological loop, episodic buffer and visuo-spatial sketchpad.

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Who found the capacity of the central executive?

Baddeley (1996) found the central executive struggled to perform two STM tasks simultaneously.

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What are the two sub-stores below the Phonological loop?

The Phonological store and articulatory loop.

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What is the purpose of the episodic buffer?

Temporary store for all information.

Evidence for the Working Memory Model?

Penney (1975) found differences for visuo-spatial and auditory recall for words.
Smith and Jonides (1997) use brain scans and found different activity in each hemisphere.

Strength of the WMM?

It has far more detail and explanatory power than the MSM.

Who criticised the WMM?

Logie 1995 suggested dividing the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
Miyake et al 2000 suggested central executive should be divided into multiple parts.

What are the 3 types of LTM?

Procedural (how to do things such as riding a bike), episodic (memories and specific events) and semantic (meaning and concepts).

What LTM is implicit?

Procedural.

What medical conditions can differentiate between the types of memory?

Retrograde amnesia can lose episodic but retain procedural.

What is a weakness of the differentiation of the LTM?

Often recall causes overlaps eg using an episodic memory to recall something semantic.

What are the two main types of forgetting?

Interference and absence of cues.

What are the two types of interference and their meanings?

Retroactive interference, newer information is interrupted by older information. Proactive interference, older information is interrupted by newer information.

Weaknesses of Interference as an explanation.

Limited explanation, can explain forgetting an event. Questions of ecological validity as research took place in lab experiments.

Who devised absence of cues as an explanation for forgetting and what are the two types?

Tulving and Thomson (1973), Context-dependant (external environment) and State-dependant failure (internal environment).

Who tested state-dependant failure and how?

Darley et al using cannabis and finding an item.

Who tested context dependant failure?

Godden and Baddeley (1975) divers and word lists.

What is a weakness of absence of cues?

Lack of ecological validity due to the huge disparity difference in contexts and states.

What factors can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

Leading questions and anxiety

Who studied the effects of leading questions?

Loftus and Palmer 1974, car crash questions, the verb used changed the response. Loftus 1975 also found that information can be added, such as an inclusion of an extra details that weren't there.

Who found a correlation between anxiety and eye-witness testimony?

Deffenbacher (1983), inverted U-hypothesis in that anxiety improved accuracy up to a certain point.

What research contradicts the inverted U hypothesis?

Christianson and Hubinette (1993), found no correlation when researching bank-robberies.

What research supports the inverted U hypothesis?

Loftus et al 1987, the weapon effect often detracts from details.

What are the 4 stages of the cognitive interview?

Context reinstatement, using both the external environment and internal state. Recall from a different perspective, from either the victim or criminal. Recall in a different chonological order eg going backwards. Report everything, even the apparently unimportant aspects.

Strengths of the cognitive interview?

Geiselman et al found it would improve the accuracy of eye-witness testimony. Enhanced cognitive interview has been seen to be more effective in a meta-analysis by Kohnken et al.

Weaknesses of the cognitive interview?

Kohnken also found a greater number of incorrect details remembered. Milne and Bull found there were certain factors of the cognitive interview that were more important than others. Fisher and Geiselman proposed an Enhanced Cognitive Interview such as allowing the witness to speak uninterrupted and to lead the interview.

Who studied the duration of STM?

Peterson and Peterson, found the longer the interval, the less accurate the STM was. Eg 3 seconds=80%, 18 seconds= 10%