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iGCSE Chemistry Paper 1 > Paper 1 Key Things > Flashcards

Paper 1 Key Things Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a solvent

A

The liquid which dissolves a substance

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2
Q

What is a solute

A

The substance dissolved in the solvent

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3
Q

What is a solution

A

A liquid mixture of the solute and solvent

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4
Q

What substance would you use to show diffusion in liquid

A

Potassium Manganate (VII)

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5
Q

Which gases are released from which substances in the ring diffusion test

A

Aqueous ammonia releases ammonia gas

Hydrochloric acid releases hydrogen chloride gas

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6
Q

Where does the ring form in the tube for the ammonia hydrochloric acid test and why

A

Nearest to the hydrochloric acid because ammonia particles diffuse faster as they are lighter and smaller

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7
Q

What is an atom

A

The smallest particle of an element

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8
Q

What is a molecule

A

A cluster of two or more NON METAL atoms joined by COVALENT bonds

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9
Q

What is an element

A

A pure chemical substance which cannot be broken down into a simpler substance and is listed on periodic table

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10
Q

What is a mixture

A

An impure substance that is made from more than one element or compound which are not chemically bonded together

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11
Q

What is a compound

A

A pure substance made from more than one element chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio

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12
Q

How do you test to see if a substance is pure

A

You boil it and see if it boils at the correct temperature given from a data book

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13
Q

What method would you use to separate out a linguist from a solution

A

Simple distillation

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14
Q

Describe the process of distillation

A

Solution is heated
The part of solution with lowest boiling point evaporates
The vapour is cooled and condenses back into liquid
This is collected
This collected liquid is now pure

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15
Q

Suggest a problem with simple distillation

A

Only can separate things with very different boiling points and only can separate one thing from a solution

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16
Q

What must be included in a diagram of simple distillation

A 
Flask containing solution
Still head (where gas evaporates to)
Thermometer
Water in (from bottom) and water out (from top) of condenser
Container to collect distillate
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17
Q

What is fractional distillation used for

A

Separating a mixture of several liquids

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18
Q

What is a fraction

A

A liquid that has been separated from a mixture using fractional distillation

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19
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation

A

Heat mixture
The liquid with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first and reach the top (cool) part of the fractionating column
Other liquids may also evaporate but will condense before reaching the top
The liquid goes into condenser and condenses to liquid
Temperature is raised so the next liquid will evaporate to the top and process repeats

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20
Q

What is filtration used for

A

To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

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21
Q

Describe the process of filtration

A

Filter paper folded into cone shape and placed into funnel
Funnel placed in a flask
Pour solution into filter paper
Insoluble solid left behind as residue

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22
Q

What method would you use to separate a solid solute from a liquid

A

Crystallisation

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23
Q

Describe the process of crystallisation

A

Solution placed over beaker of water
Beaker of water heated with bunsen burner
Steam heats solution
Continue heating until half of the solution has evaporated
Leave the evaporating basin containing the solution to dry in a warm place for a few days
Remove crystals with tweezers

24
Q

What method would you use to separate a mixture of soluble substances

A

Paper chromatography

25
Q

Describe method of chromatography

A

Draw a pencil line near the bottom of a sheet of filter paper
Add spots of different inks or solutions along the line
Place the bottom of the paper into a solvent (usually water)
As the solvent moves up the paper, substances which are more attracted to the water move up faster and further with it and substances which are less attracted move slowly and less up the paper
Allow paper to dry
The result is a chromatogram

26
Q

What is the mobile phase in chromatography

A

The solvent which moves up paper (water)

27
Q

What is the stationary phase in chromatography

A

The substance that stays still (paper)

28
Q

What is used in chromatography to show colourless results

A

Locating agent

29
Q

What is the rf value in chromatography

A

The ratio between the distance travelled by solute and solvent

30
Q

How to calculate rf value

A

Distance travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent

31
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron

A

0.0005

32
Q

What is the atomic number and where is it

A

Atomic number is on bottom and tells you how many protons there are (and therefore also how many electrons)

33
Q

What is the mass number and where is it

A

Total number of protons and neutrons and is on the top

34
Q

What is relative atomic mass

A

The mass of an atom compared to that of a carbon-12 atom

35
Q

What is an isotope

A

Different atomic forms of the same element which have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Same atomic number different mass number

36
Q

What is the difference in properties of an isotope

A

Isotopes have identical chemical properties as electrons are the same

Different physical properties eg density changes

37
Q

What is the relationship between elements in the same group (2 things)

A

Similar chemical properties

Same amount of electrons on outer shell (which is the group number)

38
Q

What does the period number show

A

The number of shells of electrons

39
Q

How does acid-base character of oxides determine if it is metal or non metal

A

Metal oxides are basic

Non metal oxides are acidic

40
Q

Why are the noble gases so unreactive

A

Because they have a full outer shell of electrons

41
Q

Equation for mass mol mr

A

Mass= Mr x mol

42
Q

What is the mole number

A

6x10 ^ 23

43
Q

Formula for percentage yield

A

Actual yield / theoretical x100

What you actually got / what you should have gotten x100

44
Q

How to find molecular formula

A

Find mass of empirical formula (basically find the mr)

Divide the given molecular mass by the mr of the empirical formula

Multiply each number of the empirical formula by that number obtained from previous division

45
Q

Define empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of the different elements in a compound

46
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a given molecule

47
Q

Charges of ions which must be learned

A

Ag+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Pb2+ Zn2+

H+ OH- NH4+ Co32- No3- SO42-

48
Q

Why do giant ionic lattices have high boiling points

A

Strong electrostatic attraction
Requires lots of energy to break
Which is supplied through heating

49
Q

What must be done to ionic compounds to make them conductive

A

Melt them or dissolve them in water to make the ions mobile

50
Q

Definition of ionic bond

A

A bond formed between a metal and a non metal which involves a transfer of electrons

51
Q

Definition of covalent bond

A

Bonding between two non metal atoms involving shared pairs of electrons

52
Q

Which is the only giant covalent substance that conducts electricity which is also the only non metal that conducts

A

Graphite

53
Q

Why does the boiling point increase with mr for simple molecular substances

A

There are more points along a larger molecule for intermolecular forces to form so there are more forces of attraction

54
Q

Why is diamond hard

Does it conduct electricity

A

Rigid lattice structure held together by covalent bonds

Doesn’t conduct as it has no delocalised electrons

55
Q

Describe and explain properties of graphite

A

Lubricant - slippery because layers can slide over each other as the layers are held together by intermolecular forces (remember that the layers are covalent bonds)

High melting point- covalent bonds

Conducts electricity- each carbon atom uses only 3/4 electrons on the outer shell so there is one free one which is delocalised

56
Q

Why is C60 fullerene soft

A

Because it has weak intermolecular forces between the molecules so the layers can slide over each other

57
Q

Can C60 fullerene conduct

A

Yes because it has a delocalised electron, however it conducts poorly because the electron cannot move between molecules

iGCSE Chemistry Paper 1 (3 decks)

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