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Biology A level - Jaya > Paper 1 - Gaps in my knowledge > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Gaps in my knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of starch, cellulose, glycogen?

A
  • Starch - store of glucose
  • Cellulose - Structural strength of the cell wall
  • Glycogen - store of glucose
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2
Q

How does the structure of starch relate to its function?

A
  • Compact - it can fit in small spaces
  • Branched - increases surface area for hydrolysis
  • Insoluble - Won’t affect water potential
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3
Q

How does the structure of cellulose relate to its function?

A
  • Many hydrogen bonds provides it with strength
  • Insoluble - won’t affect the water potential
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4
Q

How does the structure of glycogen relate to its function?

A
  • Highly branched so increases surface area for hydrolysis
  • Insoluble - won’t affect the water potential
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5
Q

What are some properties of triglycerides?

A
  • Energy storage - Large amount of energy stored between the hydrocarbon chains
  • Metabolic water source - Can release water if they are oxidised
  • Insoluble in water - they are hydrophobic which means they repel water
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6
Q

What are 5 main properties of ATP?

A
  1. Release small amounts of energy so that none is wasted
  2. Small and soluble - easily transported
  3. Only one bond is hydrolysed to release energy
  4. Transfer energy from one to another to make it more reactive
  5. ATP can pass out of cells
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7
Q

What does it mean that water is a good metabolite?

A

Water is produced in condensation reactions and used up in hydrolysis reactions

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8
Q

What does it mean that water is a good solvent?

A
  • Allows many molecules to be dissolved which can then be transported such as minerals and ions
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9
Q

What is the cell wall made up of in plants and algae?

A

Cellulose

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10
Q

What is the cell wall made up of in fungi?

A

Chitin

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11
Q

What cell wall does a prokaryotic cell have?

A

Muerin

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12
Q

What is the role of a capsule in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Protects the bacterium for the host’s immune system and prevents the bacterium from drying out

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13
Q

What is the role of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

A

They rotate which allow the bacterium to move to wherever they are needed

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14
Q

What is the order in which organelles are seperated in a centrifuge?

A
  • Nuclei
  • Chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
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15
Q

Explain the process of binary fission

A
  • The circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  • The cell gets bigger and the DNA loops move to opposite poles in the cells
  • The cytoplasm begins to divide and a new cell wall begins to form
  • Cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells are produced
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16
Q

What happens in the cell-mediated response?

A
  • T cells bind to the antigen presenting cells which stimulates the helper t cells to divide by mitosis and produce more helper t cells as well as stimulating b cells and cytotoxic t cells and phagocytes.
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17
Q

How do cytotoxic t cells kill abnormal cells?

A
  • They release a protein called perforin which makes a pore in the cell. This causes any substance to move into or out of the cell, leading to cell death.
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18
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A
  • Urine on the test (trying to detect the hormone HCG)
  • The urine will travel up the pregnancy test and bind to a mobile antibody which is complementary to the hormone - the Blue dye will cause a positive result to be shown
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19
Q

Relationship between metabolic rate and surface area:volume ratio

A
  • Smaller organisms have a larger surface area:volume ratio which means that they lose heat more easily and so, they have a higher metabolic rate
20
Q

How to calculate pulmonary ventilation rate and the units?

A

Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate
PVR (dm^3min^-1)
Tidal volume (dm^3)
Ventilation rate (min-1)

21
Q

What are 2 methods of gas exchange into the tracheal system?

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • When the insect is in flight, muscle cells respire anaerobically producing lactate which lowers the water potential causing water to move in from the tracheoles into the cells, decreasing volume in the tracheoles reduces pressure causing air to move in
22
Q

How is the countercurrent system an advantage for gas exchange in fish?

A
  • The countercurrent system has a short-diffusion pathway between the capillaries and the water
  • There are many gill filaments and lamellae which increases the SA
  • There is a steep concentration gradient because the water and blood flow in opposite directions across the entire lamellae which ensures the equilibrium is not reached
23
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A
  • A high conc of carbon dioxide causes the dissociation curve to shift right which means the affinity for oxygen decreases and the acidity of carbon dioxide causes the shape of haemoglobin to change slightly
24
Q

What is the reason for a double circulatory system?

A
  • Blood flows through the lungs at a lower partial pressure to prevent damage to the capillaries and then it flows back to the heart and then to the rest of the body at a higher partial pressure to ensure the blood reaches all respiring cells
25
Q

Explain the reasons for the thick muscular layer and thick elastic layer in arteries?

A
  • The thick muscular layer is there so that constriction and dilation can occur to control the volume of blood
  • The thick elastic layer is there to allow the arteries to stretch so that it doesn’t rip under high pressure
26
Q

Explain the reasons for the composition of tissue in arterioles

A
  • Thicker muscle layer than arteries - restricts blood flow
  • Thinner elastic layer than arteries - the blood pressure is much lower
27
Q

What is the advantage of capillaries being one cell thick?

A
  • Provides a short diffusion distance for exchanging materials
  • Means one red blood cell can move through at a time which slows down blood flow making it more efficienct
28
Q

Describe how the scientists would remove large organelles from a suspension of cell components?

A

A scientists would use a centrifuge at low speeds and then remove the supernatant and place into a new test tube leaving the pellet of larger organelles

29
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A
  1. Antigen will bind to helper T cells on phagocyte
  2. Activates B cells
  3. Cytokines stimulate B cells to divide by mitosis
  4. B cells will produce antibodies
  5. Some B cells will become memory cells
  6. Memory cells produces plasma cells in a secondary response
30
Q

How to calculate % error?

A

Uncertainty/mean

31
Q

How to calculate uncertainties?

A

Smallest measurements and divide by 2

32
Q

Two ways a cell-surface membrane of cells are adapted to allow for rapid transport?

A
  • Folded membrane (villi and microvilli) which increases surface area
  • Large number of protein channels and carriers for facilitated diffusion and active transport and co-transport
33
Q

Explain how one sodium ion can diffuse into a cell at the same time another ion can diffuse out of a cell?

A

Co-transport which uses energy as active transport requires the hydrolysis of ATP. The sodium ion and proton will bind to the protein causing it to change shape to allow sodium ions to diffuse into the membrane and hydrogen ions out of the membrane

34
Q

Suggest one advantage to a bacterium of secreting extracellular protease in its natural environment

A
  • They can digest proteins which can be used to absorb amino acids necessary for growth and reproduction
35
Q

3 ways in which an insects tracheal system is adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • Tracheoles have thin walls so short diffusion distance to cells
  • Large number of tracheoles so larger SA
  • The trachea provides tubes of air so fast diffusion into insect tissue
36
Q

Describe does the rate of reaction increase when a substrate binds to an enzyme

A

Lowers the activation energy
Induced fit causes the active site of the enzymes to change shape
So enzyme-substrate complex causes bonds to form

37
Q

Compare DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil
  • DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose
38
Q

Why may using serial dilutions be necessary in some cases?

A
  • Log scale on a graph shows a big range
  • Some samples too many to count and so dilution may be necessary
39
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies with the same tertiary structure

40
Q

Give 4 adaptations of xerophytic plants and their usefulness to a plant

A
  • Hairs and so they ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential decreases
  • Stomata in pits so trap water vapour
  • Thick cuticle so increases diffusion distance
  • Waxy layer which reduces transpiration
41
Q

How does lung disease affect ventilation rate?

A

Lung disease will lead to an increase in ventilation rate because a person with lung disease has reduced volume of air and so more air needs to be breathed out more rapidly for enough oxygen to be sufficient in the body

42
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

The volume of air moving in and out of the lungs

43
Q

Explain the process of micelle formation

A

Bile salts are produced by the liver and they emulsify lipids which causes small lipid droplets to be formed. This increases surface area for lipase to work on and so lipase will form monoglycerides and fatty acids which bind to bile salts to form micelles

44
Q

Why are micelles important?

A

They can more easily transport monoglycerides and fatty acids to the cells lining the ileum for quick and efficient absorption

45
Q

How can the relationship between 2 organisms be compared?

A
  • Genome sequencing
  • Amino acid sequencing
  • Immunilogical comparisons

Biology A level - Jaya (48 decks)

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