Paper 1: Development Flashcards
What are HIC/developed countries?
They have the strongest economies, highest quality of life, and the best living conditions
What are MIC/NEE/emerging countries?
They were poorer in the past (20-30 years ago) but have seen an improvement in their economy and living conditions
What are LIC/developing countries?
They are the poorest countries with weaker economics and lower standards of living
What is gross domestic product per capita?
The value of a country’s goods and services divided by the number of people living in that country
What is gross national income per capita?
The value of a country’s final income in a year, divided by the population
What is purchasing power parity?
This compares what the same amount of money can buy in different countries
What is life expectancy?
The average number of years a newborn baby is expected to live
What is fertility rate?
The number of babies that would be born to the average woman
What is child mortality rate?
The number of deaths of children aged 0-5 per 1000 births
What is mean years of schooling?
The average amount of years spent in education
What is literacy rate?
The percentage of people in a population who can read and write
What’s the positive and negative of health indicators?
Positive - Indicates education on offer
Negative - Takes no notice of other skills + quality of education
How do higher levels of education benefit a country?
- Better health care so more doctors + research
- Longer in education means more skills + knowledge so higher paid jobs
- May encourage people to migrate into the country who have skill sets for available jobs
- Growth of industry + economy
- More income from taxes to improve quality of life
- Decrease in fertility rate as more education about contraception + more women working
What’s the human development index (HDI)?
A composite indicator made up of 3 different indicators that are combined to generate a score between 0 and 1. The 3 indicators are:
- Life expectancy (health)
- Mean years of schooling (education)
- GNI per capita (standard of living)
What’s the positive and negative of HDI?
Positive - More than 1 factor
Negative - Doesn’t measure unequal distribution
What are the physical and environmental barriers preventing Malawi from developing?
- Changing climate: Water shortages, Africa affected more than anywhere, rainfall lower since 2000, food shortages as drought impacts crops
- increase pollution: Water contamination in urban areas, increase in squatter settlements (no sanitation or waste management), air pollution, problems for human health
- Landlocked: No coastline, no port for trading, only way to trade is long single track railway (slow and expensive, flooding/damaged)
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday
What is population structure?
The number of each sex in each age group
What is the population structure?
The number of each sex in each age group
What is demographic data?
All data linked to population e.g. birth rate, death rate, etc…
What environmental factors impact development?
- Mountainous terrain (makes communication/transport difficult)
- Coastlines/rivers allows trade through imports and exports
- Natural hazards like tropical cyclones/storms make development difficult
- Natural resources like oil can sell for money
- Extreme climate makes growing crops hard
What economic factors impact development?
- Poor infrastructure (transport, energy, internet)
- Primary/secondary industry is lower profit
- Tertiary/quaternary industry are linked to HICs
What social factors impact development?
- Historical legacy of colonialism (exploitation of resources/people)
- Political (corrupt governments cannot invest in development)
- Lack of education/healthcare
What is the cycle of poverty?
- Economic decline
- Low personal income
- Less access to food and safe water
- Hunger and poor sanitation
- Disease. malnutrition and death
- Depleted workforce
What is Rostow’s Modernisation Theory?
- Traditional society - Most people work in agriculture and produce little surplus (subsistence economy)
- Pre-take off society - Shift from farming in manufacturing, increased profits reinvested into industries
- Take-off society - Growth is rapid, investment and technology create new manufacturing industries
- Drive to maturity - Period of growth, wide use of technology, industries produce consumer goods
- High mass consumption - Period of comfort, wide range of goods, wealth spent on many things
What is Frank’s Dependency Theory?
- 2 types of global region (Core and periphery)
- Low value raw materials produced in the periphery and sold to the core
- Core makes high value, manufactured goods which are sold to the periphery
- This makes the core richer and periphery poorer
- Historical trade and colonialism made the situation worse
Explain Maharashtra’s situation in India.
- Has the biggest GDP of each state in India
- Richest core region
- Comes from services industries (e.g. banking, call centres)
- Manufacturing (e.g. clothing)
- Second largest port in the country
- Construction industries
- Entertainment (Bollywood)
Explain Bihar’s situation in India.
- In India’s periphery
- India’s poorest state
- 86% of the population is rural
- A lot of subsistence farmers
- Trapped in a cycle of poverty
- Half the households earn less than 80p a day
- Only 59% have electricity
- Caste-based society (ranks) so those who are poor stay poor
- Low-wage workers
