Paper 1: Development

Question 1

What are HIC/developed countries?

Answer 1

They have the strongest economies, highest quality of life, and the best living conditions

Question 2

What are MIC/NEE/emerging countries?

Answer 2

They were poorer in the past (20-30 years ago) but have seen an improvement in their economy and living conditions

Question 3

What are LIC/developing countries?

Answer 3

They are the poorest countries with weaker economics and lower standards of living

Question 4

What is gross domestic product per capita?

Answer 4

The value of a country’s goods and services divided by the number of people living in that country

Question 5

What is gross national income per capita?

Answer 5

The value of a country’s final income in a year, divided by the population

Question 6

What is purchasing power parity?

Answer 6

This compares what the same amount of money can buy in different countries

Question 7

What is life expectancy?

Answer 7

The average number of years a newborn baby is expected to live

Question 8

What is fertility rate?

Answer 8

The number of babies that would be born to the average woman

Question 9

What is child mortality rate?

Answer 9

The number of deaths of children aged 0-5 per 1000 births

Question 10

What is mean years of schooling?

Answer 10

The average amount of years spent in education

Question 11

What is literacy rate?

Answer 11

The percentage of people in a population who can read and write

Question 12

What’s the positive and negative of health indicators?

Answer 12

Positive - Indicates education on offer
Negative - Takes no notice of other skills + quality of education

Question 13

How do higher levels of education benefit a country?

Answer 13

• Better health care so more doctors + research
• Longer in education means more skills + knowledge so higher paid jobs
• May encourage people to migrate into the country who have skill sets for available jobs
• Growth of industry + economy
• More income from taxes to improve quality of life
• Decrease in fertility rate as more education about contraception + more women working

Question 14

What’s the human development index (HDI)?

Answer 14

A composite indicator made up of 3 different indicators that are combined to generate a score between 0 and 1. The 3 indicators are:
- Life expectancy (health)
- Mean years of schooling (education)
- GNI per capita (standard of living)

Question 15

What’s the positive and negative of HDI?

Answer 15

Positive - More than 1 factor
Negative - Doesn’t measure unequal distribution

Question 16

What are the physical and environmental barriers preventing Malawi from developing?

Answer 16

• Changing climate: Water shortages, Africa affected more than anywhere, rainfall lower since 2000, food shortages as drought impacts crops
• increase pollution: Water contamination in urban areas, increase in squatter settlements (no sanitation or waste management), air pollution, problems for human health
• Landlocked: No coastline, no port for trading, only way to trade is long single track railway (slow and expensive, flooding/damaged)

Question 17

What is infant mortality rate?

Answer 17

The number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday

Question 18

What is population structure?

Answer 18

The number of each sex in each age group

Question 20

What is the population structure?

Answer 20

The number of each sex in each age group

Question 21

What is demographic data?

Answer 21

All data linked to population e.g. birth rate, death rate, etc…

Question 22

What environmental factors impact development?

Answer 22

• Mountainous terrain (makes communication/transport difficult)
• Coastlines/rivers allows trade through imports and exports
• Natural hazards like tropical cyclones/storms make development difficult
• Natural resources like oil can sell for money
• Extreme climate makes growing crops hard

Question 23

What economic factors impact development?

Answer 23

• Poor infrastructure (transport, energy, internet)
• Primary/secondary industry is lower profit
• Tertiary/quaternary industry are linked to HICs

Question 24

What social factors impact development?

Answer 24

• Historical legacy of colonialism (exploitation of resources/people)
• Political (corrupt governments cannot invest in development)
• Lack of education/healthcare

Question 25

What is the cycle of poverty?

Answer 25

• Economic decline
• Low personal income
• Less access to food and safe water
• Hunger and poor sanitation
• Disease. malnutrition and death
• Depleted workforce

Question 26

What is Rostow’s Modernisation Theory?

Answer 26

1. Traditional society - Most people work in agriculture and produce little surplus (subsistence economy)
2. Pre-take off society - Shift from farming in manufacturing, increased profits reinvested into industries
3. Take-off society - Growth is rapid, investment and technology create new manufacturing industries
4. Drive to maturity - Period of growth, wide use of technology, industries produce consumer goods
5. High mass consumption - Period of comfort, wide range of goods, wealth spent on many things

Question 27

What is Frank’s Dependency Theory?

Answer 27

• 2 types of global region (Core and periphery)
• Low value raw materials produced in the periphery and sold to the core
• Core makes high value, manufactured goods which are sold to the periphery
• This makes the core richer and periphery poorer
• Historical trade and colonialism made the situation worse

Question 28

Explain Maharashtra’s situation in India.

Answer 28

• Has the biggest GDP of each state in India
• Richest core region
• Comes from services industries (e.g. banking, call centres)
• Manufacturing (e.g. clothing)
• Second largest port in the country
• Construction industries
• Entertainment (Bollywood)

Question 29

Explain Bihar’s situation in India.

Answer 29

• In India’s periphery
• India’s poorest state
• 86% of the population is rural
• A lot of subsistence farmers
• Trapped in a cycle of poverty
• Half the households earn less than 80p a day
• Only 59% have electricity
• Caste-based society (ranks) so those who are poor stay poor
• Low-wage workers