Paper 1: Cold War Flashcards
Tehran 1943
-Plan a winning strategy
-2nd Front, attack of Germany, ease pressure on the eastern front, SU suffering large loses
-Stalin declares war on Japanese
-What happens after the war, Germany can have polish land but SU keeps the gains made in 1913
-Creation of UN, agreed there needs to be an International body
-Stalin is happy about the Eastern Front
-Churchill is not so happy as he wanted it opened in the Balkans but Roosevelt sided with Stalin
US vs British
US - Colonialism is a bigger problem
Yalta 1945
How to bring the war to a conclusion
A second front was already launched
Soviets had defeated the Germans in the SU
Germany split into four zones
Germany would pay 20 billion in reparations
Nazi Party would be banned and war criminals prosecuted
Setting up the UN
All nations could join
Stalin agreed to go to war against Japan
Stalin agree for free elections
Poland proved to be a major problem
SU had some significant gains
Poland free elections / Expected Pro - Communist
Potsdam 1945
Roosevelt - replaced by Harry
Winston Churchill - general election lost / Clement Attlee won
Germany surrendered
Scientist developed atomic bombs
UN / Permanent members can veto
No buffers
Truman and Attlee were new to diplomatic discussions / Stalin has the power
Truman - Tough approach / Delayed meeting until atomic bomb was ready
Attlee - Return to Britain and rule so he did not want meetings to drag on
Four zones Berlin
Soviets wanted Germans to pay, Truman did not because it would be harder to recover
Object SU rule over countries that were liberated from German rule
Disagree with Poland - Old terms
Previous agreements now moved to not really
Stalin liked Eastern Europe - reasonable defensive measure
Thought it was communist aggression
Atomic bomb 1945
Bomb 12,000 tons of TNT 120,000 Civilian killed Could have won without it Used it to have more power over SU Stalin more determined to make SU secure Buffer zone Monopoly did not last Caused MAD
Satellite States
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
Yugoslavia and Albania communist but not SU rule
Stalin made 6 countries into satellite states
Czechoslovakia was the only democracy - Saw this as threat and overthrew
Hungarian elections - Only some communist - Threatened and then switched
SRA took control of Bulgaria, Romania , Eastern parts of Germany
Salami tactics
1945
A - Albania after ww2
R -Romania overthrow monarchy
E -East Germany
1946-1948
B - Bulgaria - Monarchy overthrown
P - Poland - Non communist would have been elected 16 non communist politicians arrested at Moscow
H - Hungary - Non communist won but Rakosi took control of secret police
C - last country voting in communist
Long Telegram 1946
George Kennan - USA ambassador / Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism / Not self destructive / Prompted the policy of containment
8000 words long
USA was stronger than ussr so they should ‘contain’ communism
Nikolai Novikov 1946
Soviets did not trust the West
Wanted to use US military
With Rosevelt dying no more cooperation
Take more control on the border
Iron Curtain Speech 1946
SU threat to freedom and world peace
Speech because of the recent government set ups
Noted ‘from Stettin in the Baltic to trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent’
Truman Doctrine 194
British are bankrupt
400 million to Greece and Turkey
He understands that every nation must choose
USA prepared to send troops and economic aid
Before US was isolationist
Leader against communism
Marshall Plan 1948
USA gave 13.7 billion in aid
13 Billion already given previous to it
Britain received more than a quarter of the aid
Ernest Bevin called it a lifeline to sinking men
EE states did not have benefits
Czech blocked when considering it
Cominform 1947
Reject plan / Spread propaganda and accused american as being the same as NAZI
Build collective heavy industry and a trade network
Newspaper to spread ideas and held conferences with the Eastern bloc
Yugoslavia left 1948
Comecon 1949
- Russian aid
- Bulgari / Czech and more
- Molotov Plan provide aid
- USSR dominated in terms of industrial production and total economic size
Uniting the western zone
-Bizonia 1947 , Trizonia - 1948 Deutschmark created - Economic Unity Soviets mad -Seperated from East -Two germanys created Ganging up
Berlin Blockade 1948
Shut off all routes
Shortage of foods and this would help the SU
Solution is to fly food - Shot down so war, if land routes US fault
Berlin Airlift
1000 tonnes a day
170,000 tonnes of supplies in peak month of flying - 1949
SU gave in / Stalin foolish / US peaceful
Costed 350 million for the us
Korean War
38th parallel 1950 / fighting by proxy
UN claim to successfully stopped a NK takeover
Truman was convinced Stalin wanted to invade
Stalin was not keen turns out
China sent 200,000 men to stop the advance
USA now committed to Asia / Defense budget 3x
1954 SEATO - Stop communism
SU was worried and army went from 2.8 to 5.6 million men
West Germany Joins Nato in 1955 - causes War Saw Pact
Arms race
US Atomic bomb - 1945
SU - all scientist to focus on atomic bomb in 1949
Hydrogen bomb in 1952 - 1000 times more powerful
SU - 1953
ICBM 1957
MAD deterrent
Warsaw Pact 1955
Stalin’s fear increases
EE - communist defense
Eastern Bloc made
Shows a clear clear clear divide
Hungarian Uprising 1956
1945 non communist Rakosi -> communist supporter Takes over No free speech Thousands of soviet troops stationed drained economy Russia forced on people Khrushchev denounces Stalin 300,000 hungarians were sent to prison and more than 2000 were executed 1956 protests in Budapest - Red army sent in replace Rakosi with Nagy Soviet invasion Hungary will leave WarSaw Fair legal system Private land ownership Threat and other countries may follow Tanks rolled into Budapest 20,000 killed 6000 tanks Nagy killed Eisenhower - I feel with the Hungarian people JF Dulles - to all those suffering under communist slavery, let us say you can count on us
Berlin 1958 refugee problem
2 million which is over a sixth of the country fleed
Skilled workers kept leaving
350,000 maxed in a year
Ultimatum
Berlin would be demilitarised if western troops withdrawn
Berlin should be a free city
If the west talked to East Germany then it would be a legitimate country
Angered the west/ Trying to extend more communism
Geneva 1955
Swiss no agreement was reached
Invite to Kruschev US
Camp David 1959
Face to face / presidential ranch
No agreement
U-2 incident and paris summit conference 1960
Spy plane crash - Gary Powers
Did not apologies
Khrushchev walked out
Vienna 1961
Kennedy was inexperienced
Fail of reputations
Tough approach
Kennedy decides to increase spending by over 2 billion
Berlin Wall 1961
Ordered to build a barbed wire
165 kilometres
Impact of BW
Cut through streets and buildings
One woman threw a mattress and jumped out / died of injuries
Can not visit family
Shot people 130 killed
Outrage - internally too but they are quashed quick
Negative
SU - abandon plans to unite / people choose capitalism
US - closed border without consulting US / Can not escape anymore
Positive
SU - Walls stopped refugees
US - Accept control the russians / Berlin became a symbol
Kennedy was praised - I am a citizen of Berlin
Bay of pigs 1961
Exiles to take over - 1400 exiles Attempted a coup as the US believed Castro was unpopular Very little training Exiles so not US related 20,000 soldiers were already waiting Huge failure / US looks hypocritical SU pointed out that people were happy Leads to stronger relations between Cuba and SU 1961 provide arms
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
Spy plane saw nuclear heads Arms able to reach US Because of nukes in Turkey Berlin wall outwit there Fear american attack ExComm made meet for 13 days Kennedy did not launch a attack but made a naval blockade SU ignored the blocked USA prepared to sink ships 54 bombers ready 4 with nuclear warheads No desire for war so the Soviet ships turned
Czech 1968
Socialism with a human face Living standards decrease caste inflation even with the strongest economy Discontent politically Few consumer goods No freedom of speech and radio and more Censorship Purges Dubcek was the first secretary of CCP Prague spring Censorship relaxed and criticism of government Trade unions Trade with West increase Czech people given greater freedom Multi party People happy Moscow not Brehznev was watching When dubcek invited romania and yugoslavia for talks / Brezhnez acted 1968 - 500,000 soldiers went in 5 member of warsaw unhappy Czech army stayed in barracks Over 1000 people were arrested Invasion West would not help Reform dangerous SU did not want to look like it was not controlling it states Buffer zones Future of the warsaw pact Doctrine Actions can have a domino effect Duty of states to continue communist rule Even if it meant a Third World War Impact in Czech Things went back to normal Relations Yugoslavia and Romania were unhappy Italy and France communist parties cut ties East Germany and poland were happy US and SU Angered US might protest but not take action Showed the US was less confrontational
Hotline
Communication line - 16000 km long Washington to Moscow
Only used in 1971 about India and Pakistan fight
Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963
Knew the danger our radioactive fallout
3 countries agreed to not carry out any nuclear weapon test, under water, outerspace or more. Now 113 countries have signed
Lucky dragon - Hydrogen bomb in 1954 - spread past predicted zone and got crew sick
One man died
Outer Space Treaty 1967
Exploration of outer space for everyone
No country can have control of celestial bodies
Responsibility of harm
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
NWS will work towards disarmament while NNWS agreed not to be involved
Why US
Deaths of 60,00 soldiers in vietnam
War is unpopular
US should be less active in international affairs
170 billion on V war
Internal problems like race and more
Nixon wanted to reduce tensions
SU and china poor / but if they combined it threatened china
Why Soviet Union
Equals in nuclear weapons and strength
V war showed US can be beaten
Economic problems cut on weapons and spend money on social issues
30 percent gdp on defense compared to 13 percent in US
Also they needed to catch up or needed the west to share technology
Why China
SU 300 million dollar of aid
Sino-Soviet Treaty of friendship alliance and mutual assistance
Soviet military assistance
Mistreatment of chinese delegates from Russians
Leaders did not get along
Relations poor by 1969
Almost war so befriend the enemy
China and USA
Poor relations Mao called US capitalist running dogs Taiwan and more Ping pong diplomacy 1971 Sign the Shanghai communique Solved taiwan problem
Detente SALT 1 1972
ABM - 100 each - Anti ballistic missile
Interim treaty - limit ICBMS and submarine launched ballistic missiles
SU was allowed more ICBM than USA
But USA had MIRV and no one knew
USA ABM 100 ICBM 1054 SLBM 740 SU ABM 100 ICBM 1618 SLBM 740 Can't expect one piece of paper to prevent nuclear war if it might happen Symbolic importance SALT 2 solved what SALT 1 could not
