Paper 1: Civil Rights Flashcards
1
Q
Federal Loyalty Boards 1947
A
- Truman order on removing government employees if there was reasonable ground to their disloyalty
- 3000 were forced to resign or fired while 3 million were investigated
2
Q
Hollywood Ten 1947
A
- Spread Propaganda to others through movies
- Dalton Trumbo -Won Oscars: Roman Holiday and Brave One
- Charlie Chaplin - never came back
3
Q
Alger Hiss Case 1948
A
- Important adviser towards Roosevelt
- Sent to prison for 5 years, Leaking information to the SU
- Impact Communist Spies are everywhere
4
Q
Rosenberg Case 1950
A
- Rosenbergs were claimed to leak atomic bomb leaks
- Little evidence and weak but it is true / Executed 19 June 1953
5
Q
Impact Of FBI and HUAC
A
-American in a Communist conspiracy
-McCarran Internal Security Act in 1950, all communist groups must register
Topic McCarran Internal Security Act strengthened 1952
-No US passport for communism / Not allowed in many jobs
-Anyone sus of subversion could be put in detention camp without trial
6
Q
McCarthy 1950-1954
A
- Calling Senator Tydings un-American / was not re-elected later that year
- Would lose their seats, Chairman promotion, the investigation into departments
7
Q
Methods of McCarthy
A
- Bullying tactics and fabricated evidence
- Attack people saying they’re soft on communism
- Army George Marshall ‘Communist drive for world domination
8
Q
Downfall of McCarthy
A
- Extremist and also televised trials / Ed Murrow See it now /Improper conduct 67 votes to 22
- Ease tension and nothing actual happen
9
Q
Voting
A
- Literacy /Poll tax /Using violence
- Lynching and then all-white jury no convictions
10
Q
Plessy VS Ferguson 1896
A
- Separate but equal
- Judge Bias against the Civil Rights Movement
11
Q
Brown VS Topeka 1954
A
-Spending is 4 times more on a white student than a black student
-Linda Brown - Distance was closer / Unanimous decision / Unconstitutional and that desegregation should have’ with deliberate speed’ and make a ‘prompt and reasonable start’
Topic Impact of B vs T
-AA teachers were fired / White flight
-US system is pushing for change / Awareness to the movement / Gave the hope
12
Q
KKK 1920s to 1956 MMM
A
- WCC starts and goes against integration / Many of them joined the KKK
- Began using bombs / Montgomery Bus Boycott
13
Q
Emmett Till 1956
A
-Open casket / Photographers took photos of this horror
-Found not guilty, all-white jury, they later admitted to this but they could not be tried again
Topic Impact of ET
-Northerners can see the racial issues in the South
-Active role starts, Catalyst for change later
14
Q
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A
-Rosa Parks 1 Dec 1955 / Arrested her / Boycott / 70 percent were AA / 90 percent did not show up
- Realised there was a new method for change
Topic Demands of MBB 1955
- Respect / Black Drivers for Black Routes / Don’t leave colored sections
-381 days of boycott, hard hit, more demands for desegregation
15
Q
Move to integration 1955
A
- Browder vs Gayle / NAACP / Violation of the 14th Amendment (Equal Protection)
- Arresting them for ‘Disrupting Lawful Business / Gave publicity / Ruling says desegregation should happen
- Backlash from KKK and only desegregation happened in a few areas
16
Q
1957 Civil Rights Act
A
Topic Move to integration 1955
- Browder vs Gayle / NAACP / Violation of the 14th Amendment (Equal Protection)
- Arresting them for ‘Disrupting Lawful Business / Gave publicity / Ruling says desegregation should happen
-Backlash from KKK and only desegregation happened in a few areas
Topic 1957 Civil Rights Act
- US commission on Civil Rights - Investigations / Federal courts prosecuting states
- First time in 82 years / 3 percent increase in voting registration / Acknowledgement
17
Q
Little Rock 9 1957
A
- Governor Faubus - on tv / ordered state troops / surrounded and pushed out of the school / Hazel Brown screamed at one of them -> become a peace activist as she received a lot of hate
- Legal dispute and fought / Eisenhower sent 1200 troops / went to class / 72 percent against integration
- Showed that the supreme court winning will not do anything / Education suffered and many people insulted them
- caused civil rights bill
18
Q
Sit-Ins 1960 - 1963
A
- 4 students to 70,000 students / Spat and hit but they never acted against it / Jail, not bait / Overcrowded jails
- Data Trained to be visible to the media / Never respond with violence
Topic Sit-Ins more
- Eisenhower said ‘deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the constitution
- Numbers were large / Attracted huge publicity / Confrontational /White protestors / Desegregation / student protest
19
Q
Freedom Riders 1960
A
- Specific intention to create a crisis / Anniston - KKK William Chappell
- Kennedy threatened to send in a US marshal to enforce desegregation - end 1961 integration occurred
20
Q
Meredith Case 1961
A
- Felony Offense - Voter registration -Kennedy intervened - Ordered those ‘obstructing the law’ to ‘desist’- 2000 troops
- Riot as 2 people died 300 injured
21
Q
Birmingham peace marches 1963
A
- Project C - confrontation
- Birmingham - Bombingham - bombed - homes and businesses
- Dog and firehose/ 1000 children arrest and media coverage - push for civil rights act
- Desegregation would occur within 90 days
22
Q
Washington 1963
A
- Pressure on the civil rights / 100 years of abolishment / 250,000 turn out
- Dream speech at the end everyone stayed (Ab , bible stuff, american dream)
- Large and peaceful / Bob Dylan / Paul Newman and Marlon Brando
23
Q
Freedom Summer 1964
A
- Mississippi/ 7 percent or less voter/literacy and violence
- Death kkk - media coverage - failure - 1600 more only - 17k tried
24
Q
Selma 1965
A
- Bloody Sunday - capitol - voting rights act/split occurs
- Tear gas, horses, clubs, electric cattle sticks / 25000 people protesting Voting rights act
- white civil rights campaigner died
- Mrs Liuzzo went to Alabama to serve the struggle for injustice she was murdered by the enemies of justice who for decades have use the rope and gun to terrorise their neighbours
25
Civil Rights 1964
- Johnson - Kennedy death - Pens to Kennedy smart move - Set up for him - Support from the south
- Segregation / voter / jobs / remove funding
26
Voting rights act 1965
-Set up one fair national test / No state own stuff/supervision
-Vote in own representatives and now people had to consider AA / Mississippi - 6.7 to 67.5 / Louisiana - Doubling
250000 end of 1965 newly registered
27
Malcolm X 1952-1964
-Farce on Washington / No work with white people / Extreme and dangerous
-Nation of Islam - 500 - 40,000
Topic Malcolm X
-Mecca / all races equal so work with whites
-Self defense against violence - any means necessary
28
Stokely Carmichael 1966
- Meredith shot - Carmicheal got militant - adopt MX thoughts
- Radical method to change - SNCC.... - attractive to young guys
29
1968 Olympics
- Mexico - Black Socks - poverty - Held up a black glove for black power - Tommie Smith and John Carlos
- Peter Norman - Australia - won borrowed shunned - funeral carry coffin.
30
Black Panthers 1966
- Huey Newton and Bobby Seale / 2000 members - 25 cities - Black berets trousers and leather jackets so visible
- Land Bread Peace / medical / free shoes / breakfast club / black history / reduce violence
31
Race Riots 1965
-2 weeks after civil rights / 4 years - 329 riots - 257 cities
-Watts - 11th - 17th Marquette Frye - Drunk driving - Mother and Prego gf
Watt riots 34 killed 900 injured
Chicago riots
-breaking everything / fire hydrants opened to cool down for the hot weather
Topic Race Riots
-Frustration at poor conditions/failure to respond
-Unfair - police violence
Topic Race Riots
-Money spent on weaponry is not the actual problem
-Afraid / fear / exaggerated/ focus on socio-economic
32
Mainstream stuff - 1966 -74
-Operation Bread Basket / improve housing conditions/riot with rock bricks and bottle
-Mortgages and stuff
Topics Mainstream stuff - 1966 -74
-Extension of welfare to help the unemployed
-Minimum wage / Education for poor adults, improve their self-esteem / poor organisation seen as a disaster
Topics Mainstream stuff - 1966 -74
-Johnson - Cut funding which cause 60 percent desegregation
-Bussing - highly controversial /mix race bus -> white flight
Topics Mainstream stuff - 1966 -74
-NAACP - swann vs charlotte mecklenburg - bussing allowed / milken vs bradley, not cross district etc and integration dropped to 40 percent
-Affirmative action - accept lower qualifications / Griggs vs Duke Power Company
33
reasons for the growth of protest Movements
-civil rights inspired woman and ethnic groups
-Woman went to work in war - Kennedy promised equality / assassinated so action takes place in 1963
Teenager 1950s
-Rebel against parental beliefs / Elvis Presley / film rebel without a cause starring James dean
Increasing role in government
-1930 - Roosevelt Democratic Government - Help those in Great Depression
-Hope government could fix all / produce for government to realize the injustice
Other factors
-Birth rate is up baby boomer - listen to youngsters so many of them
-Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin promoted new lifestyles against classical American beliefs
-Economic prosperity - Protestant men have all the wealth 48.9 percent protestant
-World protest - Paris 1968
34
Student Protests
- 40 percent of young people were at college
- Popular slogan do not trust anyone over 30
- Rejected typical right-wing ideas etc
35
SDS 1962
- 100000 thousand members
- Organised sit-ins and rallies to try and give students rights within Universities
- Tried apposing too many issues
36
Berkley Free Speech 1964
- Protests because Uni banned students from protesting for 'off-campus political and social action'
- 400 remained / 32 hours
- FSM -> 'Filthy' made 14,000 students almost half supported
- Sit in 6000 supporting / 12 hours to make 750 arrests / Leader 1-4 months in prison
37
Vietnam War
-US sent advisers supplies etc -> Gulf of Tonkin Resolution / Power to do anything /1969 half a million soldiers were in Vietnam
Anti-Vietnam Protests 1968-1970
-Huge costs / Deaths / Imperial power / Tactics such as Agent Orange destroy crops and more
-Unfair draft race and wealth
-'hey hey LBJ how many kids did you kill today'
-Burning draft cards
-6 months 100 protests / 500000 protests / 4 killed 11 injured -> Jackson State Uni
-Would have withdrawn anyways
38
Hippie movement 1969
- 'Make love not war' / 'If it feels good do it' / Experiment drugs love and art
- 'Flower children' -> shocking parents do not understand -> lasting impact on music and more / individuality and sexuality
- Rock music Woodstock music festival half a million people gathered
39
Women's movement 1962
- War / Eleanor Roosevelt First Lady / Employ female journalist and more
- Kennedy deal / Presidents Commission on the Status of Woman
- 4 percent lawyer 7 percent doctor / Earn 50-60 of what men have
- Value on gadgets/home appliances save time so have time for work
- BC in 1960 / 1965 all married women could have BC / 1972 all woman / 26 banned before this
40
Betty Friedan 1963
- Wrote about the feminine mystique/ Myth disproved women also want jobs / Best Seller
- Women should have equal economic and social rights to men
41
NOW 1966
- ERA / Sex discrimination / Tax deducts / Maternity paid leave / Child care facillites / Abortione etc
- 400000 members / 30 million pay backs
- largest 50000 protest
42
Woman's Liberation
- Lesbianism/screw patriarchy / feminist bra-burning / miss America 1968
- 1974 rape and sexual abuse
43
Abortion 1960
Roe VS Wade
-1970 abortion law for rape / Loans given to other women / Norma Covery - Jane Roe / Had children and still won the case
- 7 to 2 1973 supreme court / 14th amendment / Privacy violation
Phyllis Schlaway 1970
-The woman's movement rarely found any external support / Media often made fun of protestors
-Lesbians were just too ugly to get a man /opposed to some of the aims rather than the whole movement
-Congress 1952 / catholic fierce opposition to abortion
43/51
44
Phyllis Schlaway 1970
- The woman's movement rarely found any external support / Media often made fun of protestors
- Lesbians were just too ugly to get a man /opposed to some of the aims rather than the whole movement
- Congress 1952 / catholic fierce opposition to abortion
45
ERA 1972
- Totally equal - Schlafly founded Stop ERA / Men identical to a woman under the constitution
- Military / Weaken families / No financial support / Delayed ratification -> time limit 1982
46
1972 Educational Amendment Act
No discrimination in education / 1974 Equal credit opportunity act / Illegal to refuse credit on the basis of gender / Houses etc- Women politically involved / Management know still but more variety of jobs / Gender roles changed
47
Nixon 1969
- Responsible for Alger Hiss / Intelligent but suspicious and paranoid / Loss Kennedy
- Paper leaked by Daniel Ellsberg / Pentagon war info / Not damaging but got him paranoid
- White house plumbers made -> Psychiatrist broke in to discredit him
48
CREEP 1972
- The budget gave money to Mitchell to spy on and damage Nixons opponents
- Newspaper damaging things about Edmund Muskie's wife and more / Broke down into tears and lost in Democratic primaries
- Bugging devices were put i
49
Water Gate 1973
- Initially little attention then Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein
- Sources of FBI helped / 2 years found out that the FBI revealed the extent of the democratic sabotage
- Donations disguised as break-ins / bizarre incidents and white house lawyer John Dean had investigated things
- In the trial the 5 suspects and Hunt and Liddy / charged with conspiracy, burglary, wiretapping
- White House told them to lie in court found out in a letter
- Nixon denies this and prosecutor Archibald Cox announces an investigation / Senate investigates / 5-day testimony / delivered the shocking news that Nixon was to blame
- Recordings /Refused to give them on the grounds of national security/expletive deleted to cover bad language/ Public was shook
- Impeach then he resigns / Smoking gun Nixon ask FBI not to investigate
50
Gerald Ford
- Pardons Nixon so that the US can move on
| - Calm and honest personality helped the people regain confidence in the government
51
Water Gate Impact
- Nixon did not apologize / Nixon had the environment protection agency and enforced desegregation and improved relations with China and the SU -> Tricky Dicky / Presidents consulted him on international relations
- 30 people received prison sentences / Democrats win and Jimmy Carter is elected, he is not part of the 'Washington Set' / was not a strong president but honesty to the voter was most important
- Caused distrust and fewer people to want to become politicians / Difficult to recruit people for federal work
- Media worked towards uncovering scandals but this also lead to hearsay
- 1973 House and Senate Open meetings rule / War Powers Act
- 1974 Election Campagain Act / Freedom of Info act / Privacy Act / Congressional budget control act
- Scandals have gates added on
