Paper 1 - bonding , structure and the properties of matter

Question 1

Conductor

Answer 1

A material which contains charged particles which are free to move to carry
electrical or thermal energy

Question 2

Covalent bond:

Answer 2

: A shared pair of electrons between two non-metals.

Question 3

Diamond

Answer 3

A giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form
four covalent bonds with four other carbon atoms.

Question 4

Electrostatic forces

Answer 4

: The strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 5

Fullerenes

Answer 5

Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. The structures
are based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain rings with five or
seven carbon atoms.

Question 6

Gas:

Answer 6

The state of matter where the particles have the most energy. The particles in a gas are
relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions.

Question 7

Graphene

Answer 7

: A single layer of graphite with properties that make it useful in electronics and
composites.

Question 8

Graphite

Answer 8

A giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form
three covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms, forming layers of hexagonal rings which
have no covalent bonds between the layers.

Question 9

Ion

Answer 9

An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

Question 10

Ionic bond

Answer 10

A metal atom loses electron(s) to form a positively charged ion and a non-metal
gains these electron(s) to form a negatively charged ion. An ionic bond is formed between
the oppositely charged ions.

Question 11

Ionic compound

Answer 11

Chemical compound formed of ions, held together by strong electrostatic
forces.

Question 12

Intermolecular forces

Answer 12

: The forces which exist between molecules. The strength of the
intermolecular forces impact physical properties like boiling/melting point.

Question 13

Liquid:

Answer 13

: The state of matter where the particles are arranged randomly and close together
and are able to move past each other.

Question 14

Metallic bond

Answer 14

The bonds present in metals between the positive metal ions and negatively
charged electrons.

Question 15

Metals:

Answer 15

Elements that react to form positive ions. Found to the left and towards the bottom of
the periodic table.

Question 16

Non-metals

Answer 16

: Elements that react to form negative ions. Found towards the right and top of
the periodic table.

Question 17

Particle theory

Answer 17

: The theory which models the three states of matter by representing the
particles as small solid spheres. Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing
and condensing.

Question 18

Polymers

Answer 18

Large long-chain molecules made up of lots of small monomers joined together
by covalent bonds.

Question 19

Solid:

Answer 19

: The state of matter where the particles hold a regular arrangement and have the least
amount of energy.

Question 20

State symbols

Answer 20

The symbols used in chemical equations to denote the states of the
chemicals reacting: (s) - solid, (l) - liquid, (g) - gas, (aq) - aqueous solution.

Question 21

what is ionic bonding

Answer 21

ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions .It is a relatively strong attraction .

Question 22

how are ionic compounds held together

Answer 22

1) they are held together in a giant lattice
2) electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions holds the structure together

Question 23

state properties of ionic substances

Answer 23

1)high melting and boiling point
2) do not conduct electricity when solid
3) conduct when molten or dissolved in water

Question 24

5 examples of postivie ions
5 examples of negative ions

Answer 24

Na + , MG 2 , Al 3+ , Ca 2+ , Rb +
chloride , bromide , sulphate , nitrate, hydroxide

Question 25

how are ionic compounds formed

Answer 25

reaction of a metal with a non-metal
electron transfer occurs - metal gives away its outer shell electrons to non-metal

Question 26

what is a covalent bond

Answer 26

covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons between two atoms

Question 27

describe the structure and properties of simple molecular substances

Answer 27

1) do not conduct electricity
2)small molecules
3) weak intermolecular forces therefore :
4) low melting and boiling points

Question 28

how do intermolecular forces change as the mass/size of the molecule increases ?

Answer 28

they increase .That causes melting/boiling points to increase as well

Question 29

what are polymers ?what are thermosoftening polymers

Answer 29

polymers are very large molecules with atoms linked by covalent bonds
thermosoftening polymers - special type of polymers ; they melt/soften when heated

Question 30

what are giant covalent substances ?give examples

Answer 30

• solids , atoms covalently bonded together in a giant lattice
• high melting / boiling points
• mostly don’t conduct electricity
• diamond , graphite

Question 31

what is metallic bonding

Answer 31

forces of attraction between delocalised electrons and nuclei of metal ions

Question 32

describe properties of metals

Answer 32

• high melting / boiling point
• good conductors of head and electricity
• malleable , soft

Question 33

what are alloys? Why are they harder than pure metals ?

Answer 33

alloys :
- mixtures of metal with other elements , usually metals
- different sizes of atoms distorts the layers , so they cant slide over each other , therefore alloys are harder

Question 34

what does the amount if energy needed to change state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas depend on ?

Answer 34

the strength of the forces between the particles of the substance .The nature of particles involved depends on the type of bonding and the structure of the substance .The stronger the forces between the particles the higher the melting point and the boiling point of the substance

Question 35

a pure substance will melt or boil at …?

Answer 35

a fixed temperature
a mixture will melt over a range of temperatures

Question 36

what are the 3 states of matter

Answer 36

solid , liquid , gas

Question 37

state the uses of nanoparticles

Answer 37

medicine
electronics
deodorants
suncream