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Chemisty > Paper 1 - Atomic structure and the periodic table > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Atomic structure and the periodic table Flashcards

1
Q

alkali metals

A

the elements in group 1 of the periodic table

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2
Q

atom

A

the smallest part of an element that can exist . All substances are made up of atoms

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3
Q

atomic nucleus

A

positively charged object composed of protons and neutrons at the centre of every atom with one or more electrons orbiting it

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4
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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5
Q

Chromatography

A

A separation technique used to separate a mixture of chemicals by
distributing the components between two phases.

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6
Q

Compound

A

A substance made up of two or more types of atoms chemically combined
together.

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7
Q

Crystallisation

A

A separation technique used to produce solid crystals from a solution by
evaporating the solvent.

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8
Q

Displacement:

A

: A chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element from its compound.

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9
Q

Electron

A

: Negatively charged subatomic particle which orbit the nucleus at various energy
levels. Very small relative mass (negligible).

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10
Q

Electron shell

A

l: Different energy levels in atoms occupied by electrons.

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11
Q

Element

A

A substance made up of only one type of atom.

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12
Q

Filtration

A

A separation technique used to separate solids from liquids.

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13
Q

Fractional distillation

A

A method of separating a mixture of substances according to their
different boiling points.

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14
Q

Group (periodic table)

A

: The columns of the periodic table represent different groups of
elements. Elements with similar properties are in the same group.

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15
Q

Halogens:

A

The elements in Group 7 of the periodic table.

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16
Q

Ion

A

: An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

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17
Q

Isotope:

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number
of neutrons

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18
Q

Mass number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

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19
Q

Metals:

A

Elements that react to form positive ions. Found to the left and towards the bottom of
the periodic table.

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20
Q

Mixture

A

A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined
together.

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21
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral subatomic particle present in the nucleus of the atom. Relative mass of 1.

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22
Q

Noble gases

A

The elements in Group 0 of the periodic table.

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23
Q

Non-metals:

A

Elements that react to form negative ions. Found towards the right and top of
the periodic table

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24
Q

Nuclear model

A

The nuclear atomic model stated that the mass was concentrated at the
centre of the atom and that the nucleus was charged.

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25
Q

Periodic table

A

Table of elements arranged in order of atomic number and such that
elements with similar properties are in the same column (group).

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26
Q

Plum pudding model:

A

Atomic model devised after the discovery of the electron. The model
suggests the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons scattered through it.

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27
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged subatomic particle present in the nucleus of the atom. Relative
mass of 1.

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28
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

An average value that takes account of the abundance of the
isotopes of the element.

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29
Q

Simple distillation

A

A procedure by which two liquids with different boiling points can be
separated.

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30
Q

Transition metals:

A

The collection of metallic elements in the middle of the periodic table.

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31
Q

how are the element listed and approximately how many are there

A

they are listed in the periodic table ; there are approximately 100

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32
Q

elements are classifies into two groups based on their properties ; what are these groups

A

metals and non- metals

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33
Q

elements ma combine through chemical reaction to form new products ; what are these new substances called

A

compounds

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34
Q

do compounds have the same properties as their constituent element

A

no they have different properties

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35
Q

what is a mixture ? does it have the same chemical properties as its consistuent materials

A

a mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together ; it does have the same chemical properties

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36
Q

what are the 5 methods through which mixtures can be separated ? do these involve chemical reactions

A

filtration , crystallisation , simple distillation , fractional distillation and chromatography ; they do not involve chemical reactions

37
Q

describe and explain simple distillation

A

simple distillation is used to separate liquid from a solution - the liquid boils off and condenses in the condenser . The thermometer will read the boiling point of the pure liquid . Contrary to evaporation , we get to keep the liquid.

38
Q

describe and explain crystallisation / evaporation

A

evaporation is technique for separation of a solid dissolves in a solvent from a solvent
The solution is heated until all the solvent evaporates ; the solid stays in the vessel
crystallisation is similar , but we only remove some of the solvent by evaporation to form a saturated solution (the one where no more solid can be dissolved) .Then we cool down the solution , As we do it , the solid starts to crystallise , as it becomes less soluble at lower temperatures .The crystals can be collected and separated from the solvent via filtration

39
Q

describe and explain fractional distillation

A

Fractional distillation is a technique for separation of a mixture of liquids . It works when liquids have different boiling points . The apparatus is similar to the one of simple distillation apparatus , with the additional fractionating column placed on top of the heated flask .The fractionating column contains glass beads .It helps separate the compounds .In industry mixtures are repeatedly condensed and vaporised. The column is hot at the bottom and cold at the top .The liquid will condense at different heights of the column

40
Q

describe and explain filtration

A

filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid is suspended in a liquid .The insoluble solid get caught in the filter paper , because the particles are too big to fit through the holes in the paper . The filtrate is the substance that comes through the filter paper . Apparatus : filter paper + funnel

41
Q

describe and explain chromatography

A

chromatography is used to separate a mixture of substances dissolves in a solvent .In paper chromatography , we place a piece of paper with a spot containing a mixture in a beaker with some solvent. The solvent level will slowly start to rise , thus separating the spot into few spots

42
Q

what is a separating funnel

A

a separatory funnel is an apparatus for separating immiscible liquids .Two immiscible liquids of different densities will form two distinct layers in the separatory funnel .We can run off the bottom layer to a separate vessel

43
Q

describe the plum - pudding model

A

the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electron embedded in it

44
Q

describe the Bohr/nucleus and how it came about

A

the nuclear model suggests that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances (shells) - it came about from the alpha scattering experiments.

45
Q

later experiments led to the discovery of smaller , positive particles in the nucleus ; what are these particles called

A

protons

46
Q

what did the work of James Chadwick provide evidence for ?

A

the existence of neutrons in the nucleus

47
Q

describe the structure of an atom

A

the atom has a small central nucleus ( made up of protons and neutrons ) around which there are electrons

48
Q

state the relative masses and relative charges of the proton , neutron and electron

A

masses : 1, 1 , very small
charges : 1 , 0 , -1

49
Q

explain why atoms are electrically neutral

A

They have the same number of electrons and protons

50
Q

what is the radius of an atom

A

0.1nm(nanometre )

51
Q

what name is given to the number of protons in the nucleus

A

atomic number

52
Q

atoms of the same element have the same number of which particle in the nucleus

A

protons

53
Q

where is the majority of mass of an atom

A

nucleus

54
Q

what is the mass number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons

55
Q

how does one calculate the number of neutrons using the mass number and atomic number

A

subtract the atomic number from the mas number

56
Q

what is an isotope ?Do isotopes of a certain element have the same chemical properties?

A

atoms of the same element (same proton number ) that have a different number of neutrons
They have the same chemical properties as they have the same electronic structure

57
Q

what is the relative atomic mass

A

the average mass value which takes the mass and abundance of isotopes of an element into account , on a scale where the mass of 12 carbon is 12.

58
Q

give the electronic configurations of He(2) , Be(4) , F(9) , Na(11) and Ca(20) to demonstrate how shells are occupied by electrons

A

2
2 , 2
2, 7
2 , 8 , 1
2 , 8 , 8 , 2

59
Q

compare the properties of metals and non-metals

A

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are not. Metals tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions, while non-metals tend to gain electrons. Metals tend to be lustrous, while non-metals tend not to be. Metals are malleable and ductile, while non-metals tend to be brittle

60
Q

what is formed when a metal reacts with a non-metal?

A

an ionic compound (made of positive and negative ions)

61
Q

what is non - metal reacts with a non-metal?

A

a molecular compound containing covalently bonded atoms . Atoms share electrons , as opposed to transferring electrons between each other (ionic compounds )

62
Q

explain the following : solute , solvent , solution , miscible , immiscible , soluble , insoluble

A

a solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent . Together , they form a solution
Miscible refers to the substances that mix together eg. water and alcohol .Water and oil are immiscible i.e. they do not mix
Soluble refers to the substance that can be dissolves in a solvent , eg. salt in water .Insoluble substance won’t dissolve in a particular solvent

63
Q

the columns of the periodic table are called

A

groups

64
Q

the rows of the periodic table are called

A

periods

65
Q

are elements in the same group similar or different

A

they have similar chemical properties , as they have the same number of outer shell electrons

66
Q

in terms of energy levels , what are the differences between elements of the same period

A

They have the same number of energy levels

67
Q

electrons occupy particular energy levels , with each electron in an atom at a particular energy level ; which available energy level do electrons occupy ?

A

the lowest available energy level

68
Q

the elements of group 0 are commonly known as ..?

A

the noble gases

69
Q

what makes the periodic table periodic ?

A

similar properties occur at regular intervals

70
Q

elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell ; what does this tell us about their chemical properties ?

A

they have similar chemical properties

71
Q

in terms of shells , what is the difference between elements in the same period

A

they have the same number of shells

72
Q

what change in shell number is seen as one moves down a group ?

A

the number of shells increases

73
Q

early periodic tables were incomplete and elements were placed in inappropriate groups if what was to be followed

A

the strict order of atomic weights

74
Q

knowledge of what made it possible to explain why the order based on atomic weights was not always correct ?

A

isotopes

75
Q

Mendeleev overcame some problems with the table by doing what ?He also changed the order of some elements based on what ?

A

leaving gaps ; atomic weights

76
Q

the majority of elements are

A

metals

77
Q

elements that react to form positive ions are

A

metals

78
Q

elements that do not form positive ions are

A

non-metals

79
Q

elements in group 1 are known as

A

the alkali metals

80
Q

state three characteristics of the alkali metals

A

all have one electron in their outer shell ; have low density ; are stored under oil (to prevent reactions with oxygen or water ; are soft(can be cut with knife)

81
Q

how do group 1 elements react with non-metals?why are these reactions similar for the different group 1 elements ?

A

they form ionic compounds which are soluble white solids which form colourless solution - they have one electron in their outer shell

82
Q

how do group 1 elements react with wate r?

A

they release hydrogen ad form hydroxides which dissolves to form alkaline solutions ; react vigorously with water fizzing and moving around on the surface of the water .

83
Q

how does reactivity change moving down group 1 ? why?

A

reactivity increases as the atoms get larger and the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons increases and thus attraction from the nucleus decreases , allowing them to more easily lose electrons .

84
Q

state 5 characteristics of group 7

A

1) 7 electrons in outer shell
2) coloured vapours
3)diatomic molecules
4)form ionic salts with metals
5) form molecular compounds with non - metals

85
Q

State 4 group 7 elements and states of matter of molecules the form

A

1) Fluorine , F . F2 , is a pale yellow gas
2) Chlorine , Cl . Cl2 is a pale green gas
3) Bromine , Br . Br2 is a dark brown liquid
4) Iodine , I , I2 , is a grey solid

86
Q

state 3 changes that occur in group 7 as one moves down the group

A

1) higher relative molecular mass
2) higher melting and boiling point
3) less reactive - less easily gain electrons

87
Q

compare group 1 metals with transition metals

A

group 1 metals and transition metals are heat and electricity conductors .They are shiny when polished and form ionic compounds with non-metals
Transition metals have higher densities and higher melting points than group 1 metals .They are less reactive and harder than group 1 metals

88
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

Chemisty (5 decks)

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