Paper 1 - Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What are the six functions of the skeleton?
Protects vital organs such as brain, heart and lungs
Produces red blood cells in bone marrow
Allows for movement via joints
Provides support to hold the body and organs in the right place
Bones store minerals such as calcium
Gives structure for height and build
What are the two bones in the lower arm?
Radius
Ulna
What are the four types of bones and their functions?
Flat bones - for protection of organs
Irregular bones - more specific shapes
Short bones - designed for finer movements
Long bones - designed for greater movement
What is an isometric contraction?
A contraction without movement
What is an isotonic contraction?
A contraction with movement
What are the two types of isotonic contraction?
Concentric
Eccentric
What is a concentric contraction?
When the muscle shortens to contract
What is an eccentric contraction?
When the muscle lengthens to contract
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the bicep?
Tricep
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the tricep?
Bicep
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the hamstring?
Quadriceps
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the quadriceps?
Hamstring
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the gluteus maximus?
Hip flexor
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the hip flexor?
Gluteus maximus
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the gastrocnemius?
Tibiailis anterior
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the tibialis anterior?
Gastrocnemius
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the pectoralis major?
Latissimus dorsi
What is the antagonistic muscle pairs with the latissimus dorsi?
Pectoralis major
Deltoids
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the deltoids?
Latissimus dorsi
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the gluteus medius?
Adductor longus
What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the adductor longus?
Gluteus medius
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in knee flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - hamstring, quadriceps
Agonist - hamstring
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - femur, tibia, patella
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in knee extension?
Antagonistic muscle pair - hamstring, quadriceps
Agonist - quadriceps
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - femur, tibia, patella
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in elbow flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - bicep, tricep
Agonist - bicep
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - humerus, radius, ulna
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in elbow extension?
Antagonistic muscle pair - bicep, tricep
Agonist - tricep
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - humerus, radius, ulna
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in ankle plantar flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
Agonist - gastrocnemius
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - tibia, fibula, talus
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in ankle dorsi flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
Agonist - tibialis anterior
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - tibia, fibula, talus
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus maximus, hip flexor
Agonist - hip flexor
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip extension?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus maximus, hip flexor
Agonist - gluteus maximus
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip abduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus medius, adductor longus
Agonist - adductor longus
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip adduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus medius, adductor longus
Agonist - gluteus medius
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - deltoids, latissimus dorsi
Agonist - deltoids
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - humerus, scapula
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder extension?
Antagonistic muscle pair - deltoids, latissimus dorsi
Agonist - latissimus dorsi
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - humerus, scapula
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder abduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
Agonist - latissimus dorsi
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - humerus, scapula, clavicle
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder adduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
Agonist - pectoralis major
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - humerus, scapula, clavicle
How do alveoli adapt for more efficient gas exchange?
Large surface area - millions of alveoli in each lung
Thin and moist - walls are one cell thick for faster exchange
Short diffusion pathway - alveoli and blood capillaries touch each other
Rich blood supply - large network of capillaries surrounding each alveolus
What is a synovial joint?
The most common type of joint in the body
Fluid-filled space between smooth cartilage pads at the ends of bones forming the joint
Tough joint capsule surrounding it lined with synovial membrane
What is the function of ligaments?
Connect bones
Strengthens joints and prevents unnecessary movements and possible dislocations
What are the functions of tendons?
Connect muscle to bone
What is the function of cartilage?
Acts as a shock absorber to protect bones and joints
Reduces friction between bones by preventing them rubbing together
What movements do hinge joints allow?
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion (ankle)
Plantar flexion (ankle)
What movements do ball and socket joints allow?
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
What is inspiration?
Inhalation of air occurring when we are breathing in
What is expiration?
Exhalation of air when we are breathing out
What happens during inspiration?
• Intercostal muscles contract and pull the rib cage up and out
• Diaphragm contracts causing it to flatten
• The chest cavity increases volume causing pressure in the lungs to fall
• Air moves into the lungs from the higher outside
pressure
What happens during expiration?
• Intercostal muscles relax and push the rib cage downwards and inwards to a normal position
• Diaphragm relaxes causing it to push up
• The chest cavity decrease in volume causing pressure in the lungs to increase
• Air moves out of the lungs
What is vasoconstriction?
Reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce blood flow to tissues
What is vasodilation?
Increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues
What is the cardiac cycle?
The cycle of events that occurs when the heart beats
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole
Systole
What happens in diastole?
The heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood
What happens in systole?
The ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries
What makes a cardiac cycle complete?
The heart fills with blood and that blood is pumped out
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out, measured in litres per minute
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
What is diastole?
Period of relaxation of the heart muscle, accompanied by the filling of the chambers with blood.
What is systole?
Period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart that occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle
What is the order of blood flow in the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
The rest of the body
Where does blood go during diastole?
Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Where does blood go during systole?
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
The rest of the body
