Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Paper 1 A1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 A1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 polysaccharides

A

Starch Glycogen Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Bond between glucose molecules

A

Glycosidic bond (1-6/1-4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose +H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

sucrose + H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell mediated response

A

Present antigens on cell surface membrane of a phagocyte
Complimentary T -helper cell binds to antigen
T-cell undergoes clonal expansion
T-helper cells, Cytotoxic T-killer cells and T- memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Humoral response

A

B-cell collides with complimentary antigen
B-cell engulfs antigen by endocytosis
B-cell binds to complimentary T -help cell
Activates B-cell, B-cell undergoes clonal expansion to B-memory-cells and plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte detects pathogen by chemotaxis
Phagocyte engulfs pathogen via endocytosis
Pathogen is engulfed within a phagosome
Vesicle fuses with phagosome and releases its contents
Hydrolysing enzymes (lytic enzymes) hydrolyses bonds within the pathogen
Soluble products of the pathogen are used, some are released by exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

B-memory cell

A

Cell that can differentiate into plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

plasma cell

A

Cell that produces antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antibody structure

A

Light chain heavy chain, disulfide bridges, variable region and antigen binding site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cell surface membrane structure + function

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Integral proteins
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
controls what enters and exits the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nucleus
Structure + function

A

Contains genetic material of the cell
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Site of transcription and DNA replication
contains chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SER
structure + function

A

Folded membranes - cristernae
Stores and synthesises lipids and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RER
structure + function

A

folded membranes - cristernae with ribosomes attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Golgi apparatus
structure + function

A

Folded membranes -cristernae
Secretory vesicles pinch off from the cristernae
Add carbohydrates to proteins forming glycoproteins
Secrete carbohydrates
transport modify and package the lipids
Form lysosomes
Molecules labelled with their destination
Finished products are transported to the cell surface membrane and the contents are removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lysosomes
Structure and function

A

Bags of digestive enzymes Hydrolyse phagocytic cell
Completely break down dead cells (autolysis)
Exocytosis release enzymes to outside of the cell to destroy material
digest worn out organelles for the reuse if materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane called the cristae
Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production
DNA to code for proteins used in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein + rRNA
80s - Large ribosome (eukaryotic cells)
70s - smaller ribosome (prokaryotic, mitochondria and chloroplasts)
Site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane (tonoplast)
Cells become turgid and therefore provide support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes that contain the same genes with possibly different alleles, one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Surrounded by a double membrane
Stroma (thylakoid membranes)
Site of photosynthesis
contains ribosomes for making enzymes involved in respiration

19
Q

Cell wall

A

Plant - microfibrils

20
Q

viruses

A

Capsule, attachment protein, viral DNA

21
Q

Optical microscope

A

Colored, living, lower resolution and lower magnification

22
Q

TEM

A

Transmission electron microscope
black and white
non-living ( vacuum)
higher resolution
higher magnification

23
Q

SEM

A

scanning electron microscope
non-living (vacuum)
higher resolution
higher magnification
not thin electrons are scattered

24
Q

Magnification

A

How many times larger the image is compared the object

25
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance between the objects in which they can be viewed as separate

26
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Cells are broken open to release the contents and organelles are separated reducing enzymes
Prepared in cold isotonic solution buffered solution

27
Q

Homogenization

A
28
Q

Mitosis

A

PMAT

29
Q

Binary fission

A

Replication of DNA and plasmids
Division of cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells
Single copy of the circular DNA and variable number of plasmids

30
Q

Antigen

A

Molecules that create an immune response by lymphocytes that are detected in the body

31
Q

Antibody

A

A protein that is found in the blood produced by plasma cells

32
Q

1st stage of protein synthesis

A

transcription

33
Q

2nd stage of protein synthesis

A

translation

34
Q

Transcription

A
35
Q

Transcription

A

DNA molecule is unzipped by the action of DNA helicase free nucleotides align up by complimentary base pairings joined by RNA polymerase forming phosphodiester bonds

36
Q

tRNA structure and function

A

clover leaf shaped polypeptide chain held together by hydrogen bonds amino acid binding site and anticodon

37
Q

mRNA structure and function

A

complimentary base strand single stranded molecule binds to ribosome in order to create a new polypeptide chain through protein synthesis

38
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA Helices breaks the hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs
Unzipping the double helix separating strands only one strand acts as a template
Free nucleotides line up
RNA polymerase joins complimentary freenucleotides via condensation reactions forming phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides

39
Q

Lipid digestion

A

physical + chemical
Bile salts immulsify lipids forming micelles, increasing the surface area for lipase to act on

40
Q

Micelles

A

Vesicles formed from fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides and fatty acids

41
Q

Bohr shift

A

Oxygen partial pressure decreases with pH as carbonic acid increases H+ conc causing haemolglobin to disassociate its oxygens

42
Q

Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

43
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Fluid containing water, glucose, amino acid, fatty acids, ions and oxygen which bathes the tissues

44
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

The process of which a pressure gradient is created through the contraction of the left ventricle forcing tissue fluid out of the capillaries

45
Q

Mass flow hypothesis

A

H+ ions are actively pumped from the companion cell into the sieve tube elements causing sucrose to move into the sieve tube elements through co transport decreasing the water potential of the sieve tube element causing water to move into the sieve tube element through osmosis creating a hydrostatic pressure gradient moving sucrose from the source cells into the sink cells through facilitated diffusion

46
Q

Transpiration

A

Water leaves through the stomata and enters through the roots evaporation osmosis

47
Q

Facillitated diffusion

A

Diffusion that involves the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP

48
Q

How does the size of an organism relate to its surface area to volume ratio

A

The larger the organism the smaller its surface area to volume ratio

49
Q
A

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions