Paper 1 A: Culture, Identity And Socialisation

Question 1

What is socialisation?

Answer 1

Socialisation is the process where an individual learns the norms and values of society

Question 2

What are the two types of Socialisation?

Answer 2

• Primary Socialisation
• Secondary Socialisation

Question 3

What is Primary Socialisation?

Answer 3

• occurs in infancy and childhood
  -is the most intense phase of learning

Question 4

Agents of primary socialisation-
Family:

Answer 4

-Families act as an agent of primary socialisation as they use this stage to prepare their child to wider social circles such as friendship groups
HOW?
-Parents teach their child to ask before taking things from others so as they grow older they develop the habit of asking as well as sharing
- However abusive parents may teach children that violence is an effective tool to solve any problems leading to deviant and violent behaviour.

• Sanctions

Question 5

What is Secondary Socialisation?

Answer 5

• the continuation
  of learning the norms and values of society
  -occurs in later life

Question 6

Agents of secondary socialisation- PEER GROUPS

• Conformity
  -Rebellion

Answer 6

Peer groups-
-in school most common
SUE LEES: in peer groups there is a common issue of sexualisation primarily between girls. Girls often call each other “Slags” “Slut” however a man can exhibit the same behaviour and be praised for it

JUDITH HARRIS: Conflict of Family vs Peer groups
Family tend to push children which might lead to rebellion whereas peer groups pull in by enticing children to endulge in particular behaviours and conform

Question 7

Agents of secondary socialisation- Workplace:

Answer 7

Formal socialisation:
- written down rules of the workplace including learning the code of conduct which addresses dress codes, punctuality.
- enforced by formal negative sanctions
(warnings, fired)
-also positive sanctions eg pay rise or “employee of the month”

WADDINGTON’S THEORY ON CANTEEN CULTURE
-Uses idea of canteen culture as that is a** backstage area where people may start to let their professional conduct slide** and feel more comfortable revealing certain views
-For Example, term is used with police in terms of racism and also sexualising young girls in whatsapp groups.

Question 8

Agents of secondary socialisation-** RELIGION**

Question 9

What are norms? Give an example.

Answer 9

Norms are expected patterns of behaviour based on the values of a culture. Norm to eat with cutlery based on the value of hygiene

Question 10

What are values? Give an example

Answer 10

Values are beliefs and ideas that society views as important a value is honesty, family and hygiene

Question 11

define what it means by relativity of norms and values?

Answer 11

This means the norms and values of a culture are not fixed and can change over time.

Question 12

Define intercultural diversity?

Answer 12

There are differences between cultures; what is viewed normal in one culture may be looked down upon in another

Question 13

Define Intracultural diversity

Answer 13

Diversity of norms and values in one culture (UK).
Ethnic diversity, social class, sexual, subcultures

Question 14

What is meant by cultural hybridity and give an example

Answer 14

Cultural hybridity is where two or more cultures merge to create a new culture.this can best be seen in music, fashion and food.

Question 15

Hodkinson (2002) four features of subcultures

Answer 15

• commitment
• identity:
  -distinctiveness
• autonomy