Paper 1 Flashcards
Give an example of a Developed Country that has been impacted by a Tropical Cyclone
USA - Hurricane Katrina - 2005
What category was Katrina?
category 3
What was the storm surge height of Katrina?
6 Metres
How many people died because of Katrina?
approximately 1500
What was the Economic cost of Katrina?
US $100 Billion
What are three ways people were aware of hurricane Katrina?
- Access to media - 103 phones per 100 people
- Warnings issued on TV and Radio stations
- National Hurricane centre in Miami issued forecasts and warnings, as well as educating people about hurricanes
What are three ways the US attempted to defend against Katrina?
- Had soft management such as beach management and salt marsh development used to dissipate wave energy
- Protection systems failed
- 4 Metre high surge struck New Orleans and artificial levees collapsed during the storm. Hence 80% was flooded for weeks
Evacuation due to Katrina:
- 80% were evacuated
- Emergency services focus on hospital patients as priority - hoping not to be overwhelmed
What are 4 responses to Katrina?
- People had been trapped in the Superdome and were left with little food and water
- FEMA (disaster agency) were unprepared
- All of New Orleans 400km Levees were made bigger and stronger
- The poor, elderly and prisoners were left to die and felt betrayed by the government.
Give an example of an Emerging Country that has been impacted by a Tropical Cyclone
Philippines - Typhoon Haiyan - 2013
What Catagory was hurricane Haiyan?
5
What was the storm surge height of Haiyan?
5 metres
How many people died due to Haiyan?
7000
What was the economic cost of Haiyan?
US $3 Billion
Give 4 Examples of preparation for the Haiyan Typhoon:
- Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) sent across the country to warn people
- The military was ordered to send planes and helicopters to areas at most risk, ready to give Aid.
- There were storm shelters; however many couldn’t survive the 5m surges
- The Typhoon was initially a level 1 typhoon, yet it grew over land
Give 4 responses to the Haiyan Typhoon:
- Efforts made to improve satellites and weather technology to improve future predictions.
- Evacuations could only occur during the day because there was no electricity for light at night time.
- The government worked n the improvement of warning systems - switching to internet warnings
- Creation of mangrove plantations to provide windbreaks and dissipate storm surges
Give an example of an Emerging Country that has been impacted by an Earthquake.
Haiti - 2010
What was the magnitude of Haiti?
7.0
Where was the focus of H?
13km deep on a conservative plate boundary
Where was the epicentre of H?
25km from Port-au-Prince
What is the population of Port-au-Prince?
2.5 million
How many people were injured or killed in H?
- 300,000 injured
- 316,000 deaths
(3) H Primary impacts:
- deaths and injuries
- Most houses were poorly built and collapsed instantly - 1 million made homeless
- Major communication and transport links had been destroyed beyond repair, and many roads were blocked by house rubble
(3) H Secondary impacts:
- The water supply systems were destroyed - Cholera outbreak killed 8000 people
- The port was destroyed meaning access for aid was limited
- Essential clothing factories that provided 60% of all of H’s exports were damaged - 1 in 5 made jobless
What was the prediction of H?
US geologists in 2008 predicted that a 7.2 magnitude earthquake would hit H. However, they did not know when
Give an example of a Developing Country that has been impacted by an Earthquake:
Japan - Tohoku - 2011
What was the magnitude of Tohoku?
9.0
Where was the focus of T?
30km deep on a Convergent plate boundary
Where was the epicentre of T?
70km from the coast in Sendai Bay
(3) T Primary impacts:
- A dam collapsed and 2 Nuclear Power stations were fractured
- Tohoku motorway damaged in northern Japan and rail links near Sendai
- Cost - US $235 Billion - Most costly in history
(3) T Secondary impacts:
- 350,000 people left homeless
- 93% of deaths caused by drowning
- 2 nuclear reactors went into meltdown and local people have not been back since
How many were killed or injured by T?
- 6,150 injured
- 15,900 died
Give 3 ways in which Japan was prepared for T:
- Strict building laws help prevent significant damage during an earthquake
- Japan has early warning systems to alert people of disasters
- High-speed bullet trains have brake systems that activate in the event of an earthquake to prevent derailing
What conditions cause arid weather?
High pressure
What conditions cause high rainfall?
Low pressure
What do Ocean Currents do?
They transfer heat around the globe
What two ways power ocean currents?
- wind
- changes in density
How does a change in density cause an ocean current to flow?
- In the Arctic and Antarctic water is very cold
- The cold, salty water sinks (dense)
- As it sinks warmer water from lower latitudes is pulled up
- This then gets cooled and the cycle repeats
Where does the earth receive energy and where is it strongest?
From the sun, an is strongest at the equator
What does the heat energy do with the sun power?
Movement of a circle of air called a circulation cell
Describe the circulation process:
- Warm air from the equator rises to an altitude of 15km
- This air then cools and travels 30º north and south where it sinks
- Where the cells meet energy is transferred
Why is there a lot of precipitation at the equator?
Because rising air becomes under lower pressure and cannot hold as much moisture, hence why it rains a lot.
2 natural causes of climate change:
- Volcanic eruptions pump dust and ash into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight, causing a cooling effect
- The earth’s orbit changes a small amount every 1,000,000 years. These are known as Milankovitch cycles
3 human causes of climate change:
- Increased Industry
- Energy Production remaining unrenewable
- Farming - Methane production + use of pesticides
Name 3 enhanced greenhouse effects:
- Heat (UV rays) that enters the earth’s atmosphere is reflected back into space
- The land and oceans absorb heat
- Greenhouse gases trap heat
What layers make up the earth?
The Crust, Mantle, Outer Core and Inner core
What is the crust?
Made up of plates and is both solid and rigid
What do tectonic plates move on top of, and what is it like?
asthenosphere - a ‘plastic’ layer that is under such high pressure that rocks flow
What temperature is the lower mantle?
3000ºC - liquid
What is the outer core made up of and how hot is it?
liquid iron and metal and is between 4000ºC and 6000ºC
What is the core made up of and how hot is it?
Iron and ranges between 5000ºC and 6000ºC
Why is the inner core liquid?
Because pressure is so high
What are the two types of crust?
Oceanic and Continental
What are crusts mainly made up of?
- Continental - mainly granite
- Oceanic - mainly basalt
What is the main difference between continental and oceanic crust?
Continental is less dense
What are crusts like compared to asthenosphere?
less dense
Name 4 types of plate boundaries:
Convergent (Together then one subducts), Constructive (both push together to form mountains), Divergent (convection currents pull crusts apart forming volcanic ridge) and Conservative (Brush against each other)
What are hotspots?
Points with very high heat flow and magma forms in a break in the crust
Name 5 characteristics of shield volcanos:
- found on constructive plate boundaries and hotspots
- formed by eruptions f thin runny lava, which flows a long way until solidifying
- Have gently sloping sides and wide bases
- contain basaltic magma which is very hot with low silica and gas content
- erupts frequently but not violently
Name 6 characteristics of composite volcanos:
- found on destructive plate boundaries
- formed by eruptions of viscous, sticky lava and ash that don’t travel far
- Have steep sloping sides and narrow bases
- Made up of layers made up of ash and thick lava
- contains andesitic magma which is less hot than basaltic magma but which contains more silica and gas
- erupt infrequently and violently - chloroplastic flow
What is silica?
Silica is a very common mineral composed of silicon and oxygen (SiO2)
What is the epicentre?
the point on the surface directly above the focus - where effects are felt
What is the focus?
the central point of the earthquake deep under the surface, where the earthquake actually happens - greatest release of energy
Name 3 primary impacts of earthquakes:
- deaths and injuries
- destruction and damage to buildings
- damage to roads and transport links
Name 3 Secondary impacts of an earthquake:
- Sanitation can be polluted with disease
- Tsunamis when the earthquake occurs offshore
- Landslides on steep or weak slopes
Short term relief example for an earthquake:
Shelters
Long-term relief example for an earthquake:
training and funding emergency services
3 ways to strengthen a building:
- Reinforced pipes for water and gas so they don’t break
- Creating a very strong framework
- Ring beam of concrete on top to prevent walls from falling outwards
Factors to consider when looking at development:
- Economic (income and job security)
- Physical well-being (diet and access to clean water)
- Mental well-being (security and freedom)
- Social (Access to education and access to healthcare)
What is HDI?
human development index - takes into account GDP per capita, literacy rate and life expectancy
Causes of global inequality:
Economic/Political - government systems and international relations
Environmental - topography and climate
Historical - Colonialism and neo-colonialism
Social - health and education
What are differences between population diagrams for developed and emerging countries?
Developed - thinner base with an older population
Emerging - Wide base (fertile) with a younger population
What is Rostows Modernisation theory?
traditional society, pre-conditions for take-off, Take-off, drive to maturity, High mass consumption
Problems with Rostow’s theory:
- assumes all countries start the same
- doesn’t take into account growth driven by colonisation
- doesn’t consider natural resources and climates of countries
What is Franks dependency theory?
That Developing countries cannot truly be developed as they will rely on already developed nations that can exploit less developed countries.
What is the general problem with Frank’s theory?
That it only works in select cases, however, China is not classed developed and yet is very independent and is developing at a vast rate
NGO (charity) led technology - Good:
- Targeted at specific needs
- Generates local jobs
NGO (charity) led technology - Bad:
- Governments rely on NGO help instead of doing anything themselves
- `Lack data to support how successful NGO schemes are
IGO (United Nations) funded large infrastructure - Good:
- Can access large amounts of money from e.g. world bank
- Infrastructure developments can benefit thousands of people
IGO (United Nations) funded large infrastructure - Bad:
- High tech solutions can be expensive and time-consuming
- Local people may not benefit - having to move to support building of e.g. a new dam
(4) What is a Top-Down development project?
- Large firm and government-led
- large-scale development projects that aim for national or regional level development
- Very expensive
- Sophisticated technology involved
Give an example of a Top-Down project in Mumbai:
Vision Mumbai
What did Vision Mumbai aim to do?
Improve Mumbai’s worsening quality of life
How would Vision Mumbai improve quality of life?
- Building 1 million low-cost homes
- Improving transport infrastructure - rail + road
- Improving air and water quality by reducing pollution
3 things Vision Mumbai actually planned:
- to restore 325 ‘green’ space areas
- to improve safety and capacity of trains
- to demolish Dharavi and rebuild a new housing area worth US$10 Billion next to the financial district
3 Positive impacts of Vision Mumbai:
- by 2007, 200,000 people had been rehomed to nicer flats
- Clean and secure water and sewage systems were introduced to these flats
- by 2015, 72 new trains were operational and to improve safety, platforms were raised
3 Negative impacts of Vision Mumbai:
- Many dislike the split up of communities due to 14 storey housing complexes
- Rent costs more than in slums
- already thriving businesses had to be shut down
(3) What is a bottom-up development project?
- large scale projects that aim to benefit villages and small communities
- Very cheap compared to top-down
- Straightforward technology - Basic
Give an example of a bottom-up development project in Mumbai:
Agora Micro Finance India
Agora Micro Finance India aim:
To allow people that are much poorer to have access to small loans for housing or education
Agora Micro Finance India benefits -
provides service to people who previously couldn’t receive this service
Agora Micro Finance India costs -
Interest rates can be high; reducing the benefits of having loans as they are more expensive
According to 2015 polls, what is the population of Mumbai?
16 Million people
What is Mumbai a hub for?
- wealthy firms operate in the CBD
- Trade - midway between Africa and China
What is Mumbai’s position geographically?
19º North of the equator
