Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography vocab > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Give an example of a Developed Country that has been impacted by a Tropical Cyclone

A

USA - Hurricane Katrina - 2005

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What category was Katrina?

A

category 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the storm surge height of Katrina?

A

6 Metres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many people died because of Katrina?

A

approximately 1500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the Economic cost of Katrina?

A

US $100 Billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are three ways people were aware of hurricane Katrina?

A
  • Access to media - 103 phones per 100 people
  • Warnings issued on TV and Radio stations
  • National Hurricane centre in Miami issued forecasts and warnings, as well as educating people about hurricanes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are three ways the US attempted to defend against Katrina?

A
  • Had soft management such as beach management and salt marsh development used to dissipate wave energy
  • Protection systems failed
  • 4 Metre high surge struck New Orleans and artificial levees collapsed during the storm. Hence 80% was flooded for weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Evacuation due to Katrina:

A
  • 80% were evacuated

- Emergency services focus on hospital patients as priority - hoping not to be overwhelmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 4 responses to Katrina?

A
  • People had been trapped in the Superdome and were left with little food and water
  • FEMA (disaster agency) were unprepared
  • All of New Orleans 400km Levees were made bigger and stronger
  • The poor, elderly and prisoners were left to die and felt betrayed by the government.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give an example of an Emerging Country that has been impacted by a Tropical Cyclone

A

Philippines - Typhoon Haiyan - 2013

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What Catagory was hurricane Haiyan?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the storm surge height of Haiyan?

A

5 metres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many people died due to Haiyan?

A

7000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the economic cost of Haiyan?

A

US $3 Billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give 4 Examples of preparation for the Haiyan Typhoon:

A
  • Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) sent across the country to warn people
  • The military was ordered to send planes and helicopters to areas at most risk, ready to give Aid.
  • There were storm shelters; however many couldn’t survive the 5m surges
  • The Typhoon was initially a level 1 typhoon, yet it grew over land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give 4 responses to the Haiyan Typhoon:

A
  • Efforts made to improve satellites and weather technology to improve future predictions.
  • Evacuations could only occur during the day because there was no electricity for light at night time.
  • The government worked n the improvement of warning systems - switching to internet warnings
  • Creation of mangrove plantations to provide windbreaks and dissipate storm surges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give an example of an Emerging Country that has been impacted by an Earthquake.

A

Haiti - 2010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What was the magnitude of Haiti?

A

7.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where was the focus of H?

A

13km deep on a conservative plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where was the epicentre of H?

A

25km from Port-au-Prince

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the population of Port-au-Prince?

A

2.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many people were injured or killed in H?

A
  • 300,000 injured

- 316,000 deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(3) H Primary impacts:

A
  • deaths and injuries
  • Most houses were poorly built and collapsed instantly - 1 million made homeless
  • Major communication and transport links had been destroyed beyond repair, and many roads were blocked by house rubble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

(3) H Secondary impacts:

A
  • The water supply systems were destroyed - Cholera outbreak killed 8000 people
  • The port was destroyed meaning access for aid was limited
  • Essential clothing factories that provided 60% of all of H’s exports were damaged - 1 in 5 made jobless
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What was the prediction of H?

A

US geologists in 2008 predicted that a 7.2 magnitude earthquake would hit H. However, they did not know when

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give an example of a Developing Country that has been impacted by an Earthquake:

A

Japan - Tohoku - 2011

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What was the magnitude of Tohoku?

A

9.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where was the focus of T?

A

30km deep on a Convergent plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where was the epicentre of T?

A

70km from the coast in Sendai Bay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(3) T Primary impacts:

A
  • A dam collapsed and 2 Nuclear Power stations were fractured
  • Tohoku motorway damaged in northern Japan and rail links near Sendai
  • Cost - US $235 Billion - Most costly in history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(3) T Secondary impacts:

A
  • 350,000 people left homeless
  • 93% of deaths caused by drowning
  • 2 nuclear reactors went into meltdown and local people have not been back since
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many were killed or injured by T?

A
  • 6,150 injured

- 15,900 died

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give 3 ways in which Japan was prepared for T:

A
  • Strict building laws help prevent significant damage during an earthquake
  • Japan has early warning systems to alert people of disasters
  • High-speed bullet trains have brake systems that activate in the event of an earthquake to prevent derailing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What conditions cause arid weather?

A

High pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What conditions cause high rainfall?

A

Low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do Ocean Currents do?

A

They transfer heat around the globe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What two ways power ocean currents?

A
  • wind

- changes in density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does a change in density cause an ocean current to flow?

A
  • In the Arctic and Antarctic water is very cold
  • The cold, salty water sinks (dense)
  • As it sinks warmer water from lower latitudes is pulled up
  • This then gets cooled and the cycle repeats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where does the earth receive energy and where is it strongest?

A

From the sun, an is strongest at the equator

40
Q

What does the heat energy do with the sun power?

A

Movement of a circle of air called a circulation cell

41
Q

Describe the circulation process:

A
  • Warm air from the equator rises to an altitude of 15km
  • This air then cools and travels 30º north and south where it sinks
  • Where the cells meet energy is transferred
42
Q

Why is there a lot of precipitation at the equator?

A

Because rising air becomes under lower pressure and cannot hold as much moisture, hence why it rains a lot.

43
Q

2 natural causes of climate change:

A
  • Volcanic eruptions pump dust and ash into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight, causing a cooling effect
  • The earth’s orbit changes a small amount every 1,000,000 years. These are known as Milankovitch cycles
44
Q

3 human causes of climate change:

A
  • Increased Industry
  • Energy Production remaining unrenewable
  • Farming - Methane production + use of pesticides
45
Q

Name 3 enhanced greenhouse effects:

A
  • Heat (UV rays) that enters the earth’s atmosphere is reflected back into space
  • The land and oceans absorb heat
  • Greenhouse gases trap heat
46
Q

What layers make up the earth?

A

The Crust, Mantle, Outer Core and Inner core

47
Q

What is the crust?

A

Made up of plates and is both solid and rigid

48
Q

What do tectonic plates move on top of, and what is it like?

A

asthenosphere - a ‘plastic’ layer that is under such high pressure that rocks flow

49
Q

What temperature is the lower mantle?

A

3000ºC - liquid

50
Q

What is the outer core made up of and how hot is it?

A

liquid iron and metal and is between 4000ºC and 6000ºC

51
Q

What is the core made up of and how hot is it?

A

Iron and ranges between 5000ºC and 6000ºC

52
Q

Why is the inner core liquid?

A

Because pressure is so high

53
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Oceanic and Continental

54
Q

What are crusts mainly made up of?

A
  • Continental - mainly granite

- Oceanic - mainly basalt

55
Q

What is the main difference between continental and oceanic crust?

A

Continental is less dense

56
Q

What are crusts like compared to asthenosphere?

A

less dense

57
Q

Name 4 types of plate boundaries:

A

Convergent (Together then one subducts), Constructive (both push together to form mountains), Divergent (convection currents pull crusts apart forming volcanic ridge) and Conservative (Brush against each other)

58
Q

What are hotspots?

A

Points with very high heat flow and magma forms in a break in the crust

59
Q

Name 5 characteristics of shield volcanos:

A
  • found on constructive plate boundaries and hotspots
  • formed by eruptions f thin runny lava, which flows a long way until solidifying
  • Have gently sloping sides and wide bases
  • contain basaltic magma which is very hot with low silica and gas content
  • erupts frequently but not violently
60
Q

Name 6 characteristics of composite volcanos:

A
  • found on destructive plate boundaries
  • formed by eruptions of viscous, sticky lava and ash that don’t travel far
  • Have steep sloping sides and narrow bases
  • Made up of layers made up of ash and thick lava
  • contains andesitic magma which is less hot than basaltic magma but which contains more silica and gas
  • erupt infrequently and violently - chloroplastic flow
61
Q

What is silica?

A

Silica is a very common mineral composed of silicon and oxygen (SiO2)

62
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

the point on the surface directly above the focus - where effects are felt

63
Q

What is the focus?

A

the central point of the earthquake deep under the surface, where the earthquake actually happens - greatest release of energy

64
Q

Name 3 primary impacts of earthquakes:

A
  • deaths and injuries
  • destruction and damage to buildings
  • damage to roads and transport links
65
Q

Name 3 Secondary impacts of an earthquake:

A
  • Sanitation can be polluted with disease
  • Tsunamis when the earthquake occurs offshore
  • Landslides on steep or weak slopes
66
Q

Short term relief example for an earthquake:

A

Shelters

67
Q

Long-term relief example for an earthquake:

A

training and funding emergency services

68
Q

3 ways to strengthen a building:

A
  • Reinforced pipes for water and gas so they don’t break
  • Creating a very strong framework
  • Ring beam of concrete on top to prevent walls from falling outwards
69
Q

Factors to consider when looking at development:

A
  • Economic (income and job security)
  • Physical well-being (diet and access to clean water)
  • Mental well-being (security and freedom)
  • Social (Access to education and access to healthcare)
70
Q

What is HDI?

A

human development index - takes into account GDP per capita, literacy rate and life expectancy

71
Q

Causes of global inequality:

A

Economic/Political - government systems and international relations
Environmental - topography and climate
Historical - Colonialism and neo-colonialism
Social - health and education

72
Q

What are differences between population diagrams for developed and emerging countries?

A

Developed - thinner base with an older population

Emerging - Wide base (fertile) with a younger population

73
Q

What is Rostows Modernisation theory?

A

traditional society, pre-conditions for take-off, Take-off, drive to maturity, High mass consumption

74
Q

Problems with Rostow’s theory:

A
  • assumes all countries start the same
  • doesn’t take into account growth driven by colonisation
  • doesn’t consider natural resources and climates of countries
75
Q

What is Franks dependency theory?

A

That Developing countries cannot truly be developed as they will rely on already developed nations that can exploit less developed countries.

76
Q

What is the general problem with Frank’s theory?

A

That it only works in select cases, however, China is not classed developed and yet is very independent and is developing at a vast rate

77
Q

NGO (charity) led technology - Good:

A
  • Targeted at specific needs

- Generates local jobs

78
Q

NGO (charity) led technology - Bad:

A
  • Governments rely on NGO help instead of doing anything themselves
  • `Lack data to support how successful NGO schemes are
79
Q

IGO (United Nations) funded large infrastructure - Good:

A
  • Can access large amounts of money from e.g. world bank

- Infrastructure developments can benefit thousands of people

80
Q

IGO (United Nations) funded large infrastructure - Bad:

A
  • High tech solutions can be expensive and time-consuming

- Local people may not benefit - having to move to support building of e.g. a new dam

81
Q

(4) What is a Top-Down development project?

A
  • Large firm and government-led
  • large-scale development projects that aim for national or regional level development
  • Very expensive
  • Sophisticated technology involved
82
Q

Give an example of a Top-Down project in Mumbai:

A

Vision Mumbai

83
Q

What did Vision Mumbai aim to do?

A

Improve Mumbai’s worsening quality of life

84
Q

How would Vision Mumbai improve quality of life?

A
  • Building 1 million low-cost homes
  • Improving transport infrastructure - rail + road
  • Improving air and water quality by reducing pollution
85
Q

3 things Vision Mumbai actually planned:

A
  • to restore 325 ‘green’ space areas
  • to improve safety and capacity of trains
  • to demolish Dharavi and rebuild a new housing area worth US$10 Billion next to the financial district
86
Q

3 Positive impacts of Vision Mumbai:

A
  • by 2007, 200,000 people had been rehomed to nicer flats
  • Clean and secure water and sewage systems were introduced to these flats
  • by 2015, 72 new trains were operational and to improve safety, platforms were raised
87
Q

3 Negative impacts of Vision Mumbai:

A
  • Many dislike the split up of communities due to 14 storey housing complexes
  • Rent costs more than in slums
  • already thriving businesses had to be shut down
88
Q

(3) What is a bottom-up development project?

A
  • large scale projects that aim to benefit villages and small communities
  • Very cheap compared to top-down
  • Straightforward technology - Basic
89
Q

Give an example of a bottom-up development project in Mumbai:

A

Agora Micro Finance India

90
Q

Agora Micro Finance India aim:

A

To allow people that are much poorer to have access to small loans for housing or education

91
Q

Agora Micro Finance India benefits -

A

provides service to people who previously couldn’t receive this service

92
Q

Agora Micro Finance India costs -

A

Interest rates can be high; reducing the benefits of having loans as they are more expensive

93
Q

According to 2015 polls, what is the population of Mumbai?

A

16 Million people

94
Q

What is Mumbai a hub for?

A
  • wealthy firms operate in the CBD

- Trade - midway between Africa and China

95
Q

What is Mumbai’s position geographically?

A

19º North of the equator

Geography vocab (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions