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Physical education > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

fitness

A

the ability of meeting / coping with the demands of the environment

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2
Q

health

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or injury

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3
Q

cardiovascular endurance

A

cardiovascular endurance sometimes referred to as aerobic power is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles. it enables people to take part in physical activity whilst delaying the onset of failure

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4
Q

test for cardiovascular endurance

A

multi stage fitness test (bleep test)

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5
Q

speed

A

Speed is the maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time. It is also defined as putting the body parts through actions as quickly as possible.

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6
Q

test for speed

A

30m sprint test

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7
Q

strength

A

Strength is the ability to overcome a resistance. It relates to the force that can be produced by a muscle or a group of muscles.

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8
Q

4 types of strength

A

maximal
dynamic (muscular endurance)
explosive (power)
static

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9
Q

maximal strength

A

maximal strength is the largest force possible in a single maximal contraction.

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10
Q

test for maximal strength

A

1 rep max test

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11
Q

dynamic strength (muscular endurance)

A

Dynamic (muscular endurance) is the ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to undergo repeated contraction, avoiding fatigue.

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12
Q

test for dynamic strength

A

handgrip dynamic strength test

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13
Q

explosive strength (power)

A

Explosive (power / anaerobic power) is the product of strength and speed. Strength is exerted at speed to create power.

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14
Q

test for explosive strength

A

vertical (sergeant) jump test

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15
Q

static strength

A

Static strength is the ability to hold a body part (limb) in a static position.

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16
Q

test for static strength

A

stork balance test

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17
Q

flexibility

A

The range of movements possible at a joint. The maximum range of movement can vary according to the joint type.

Good flexibility can prevent individuals from sustaining an injury. A ball and socket joint allows a wider range of movement compared to a hinge joint. Flexibility is required to a different extent by different people.

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18
Q

test for flexibility

A

sit and reach test

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19
Q

agility

A

The ability to move and change direction quickly whilst maintaining control. Agility combines speed, coordination, reaction time and strength and is applicable in most sporting scenarios.

20
Q

test for agility

A

Illinois agility test

21
Q

balance

A

The maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support.
- static balance (balance whilst still)
- dynamic balance (balance whilst moving)

22
Q

test for balance

A

stork balance test

23
Q

coordination

A

The ability to use two or more different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently. It involves effective interaction of body parts e.g. (hand eye coordination). The nervous signal from the brain are timed to ensure effective use of appropriate muscles.

24
Q

test for coordination

A

wall toss test (Anderson ball catch test)

25
Q

reaction time

A

Reaction time is the time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus - the time taken from presentation of the stimulus to start to initiate a response.

26
Q

test for reaction time

A

ruler drop test

27
Q

fitness testing

A

There are tests for each fitness component. Fitness testing measures the performers ability and is beneficial to both the performer and the coach, highlighting strength and weaknesses. It also allows progress to be measured carefully, through re - testing.

28
Q

Structure of a skeleton

A

The skeleton system provides a framework for the muscular system to produce movement.
The skeletal system allows movement at a joint.
The shape and type of bones determine the amount of movement.
The different joints allow different types of movements.
The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles - when muscles contract they pull the bone.

29
Q

Long bones

A

Long bones are strong and are used by muscles to assist movement. They enable gross (large) movements.
Humerous - used by muscles to move the whole arm.
Ulna and radius - used by muscles to move the lower arm.
Femur - used by muscles to move the whole leg.
Fibula and tibia - used by muscles to move the lower leg.

30
Q

Short bones

A

Short bones enable fine controlled movements.

31
Q

Flat bones

A

Flat bones protect internal organs. Their broad surface also allows muscle attachment.
Cranium - protects the brain.
Sternum and ribs - protect the heart and lungs.
Scapula - protects the shoulder joint and has many muscles attached to it helping arm and shoulder movement.
Pelvis - protects the reproductive organs and the bladder. It also has many muscles attached to it helping leg movement.

32
Q

Irregular bones

A

Irregular bones are suited for protection and muscle attachment.
The vertebral column is made up of irregular bones called vertebrae that protect the vertebrate.

33
Q

Function of the skeleton

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Structural shape and point for attachment
Mineral storage
Blood cell production

34
Q

Support

A

The bones are solid and rigid. They keep us upright and hold the rest of the body - the muscles and organs.

35
Q

Protection

A

Certain parts of the skeleton enclose and protect the body’s organs from external force.

36
Q

Movement

A

The skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor points for the muscles to pull against. The long bones in the arm and leg work as levers to allow certain movements.

37
Q

Structural shape and points for attachments

A

The skeleton gives us our general shape such height and build. Tall people have long leg bones and larger vertebrate. People with a heavy build have a larger clavicle and scapula as well as a bigger pelvis. The skeleton also provides anchorage for muscles to attach, so when they contract they move.

38
Q

Mineral storage

A

Bones store several minerals, including calcium and phosphorus which can be released into the plod when needed.

39
Q

Blood cell production

A

The inner marrow of the long bones and rips produce red and white blood cells. Red blood cells are important in activities because they carry oxygen to the working muscles. White blood cells are important to fight off infection to keep healthy.

40
Q

Synovial joints

A

An area of the body where two or more bones meet (articulate) to allow a range of movement.
Synovial joints are characterised by having a fluid-filled space between smooth cartilage pads at the end of the bones that form the joint. Surrounding the joint is a tough joint capsule that is lined with a synovial membrane.
The outer layer of capsule often includes ligaments that join bones to bones and strengthen the joint to prevent unnecessary movements and possible dislocations. The synovial membrane lining the capsule produces an oily synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction and wear.
In addition to the joint capsule and ligaments that support a synovial joint, there are several important structures surrounding the joint that help cushion and protect the joint from friction and outside forces. Small bags of synovial fluid, known as bursae, surround the joint to reduce the friction from movement of tendons across the surface of the joint.
There are many different classes of synovial joints in the body, including hinge joints and ball and socket joints.

41
Q

Joint

A

Place where two or more bones meet.

42
Q

Cartilage

A

A type of smooth elastic tissue that provides structural support to the body. It acts as a shock absorber throughout the body. Cartilage at the end of the bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when you use your joint.

43
Q

Synovial fluid

A

It is the collection of fluid within a confined joint space. It acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement.

44
Q

Capsule

A

The joint capsule is a dense fibrous connective tissue that is attached to the bones via specialized attachment zones at the end of each involved bone. It seals the joint space and provides passive stability by limiting movements.

45
Q

Ligaments

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

46
Q

Tendon

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.

47
Q

Bursae

A

A closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body

Physical education (5 decks)

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