Paper 1 (1.4) Cold War - beginnings

Question 0

Who were the superpowers post WW2?

Answer 0

USA & USSR

Question 1

What impact had WW2 had on the major superpowers?

Answer 1

Deaths
Britain- Military = 326,000. - Civilians = 62,000.
Germany - Military = 3,250,000. - Civilians = 3,820,000.
USSR - Military = 13,600,000. - Civilians = 7,700,000.
USA - Military = 500,000. - Civilians = 5,662.

Question 2

What areas of the world did the USA have as allies by 1960s?

Answer 2

Britain and Western Europe
Turkey
Iraq
South Vietnam
South Korea

Question 3

What concept did both the USA and USSR fight against in united front?

Answer 3

Fascism - right wing government ideas led by a single leader- Nazism in Germany.

Question 4

What were the main concepts of USA’s Capitalism?

Answer 4

A democratic government.
Elected President and Congress.
Free secret ballots.
Capitalist economy, businesses and property privately owned.
Great contrast of rich and poor in USA.
Freedom of individual.

Question 5

What was the policy of isolationism for the USA in the 1920s & 1930s?

Answer 5

Prior to WW2, the USA had avoided getting involved in issues around the world, they had encouraged trade partnerships with the USA, but avoided involvement with the League of Nations.

Question 6

What were the main concepts of USSR’s Communism?

Answer 6

People could vote for the Supreme Soviet, but only vote for members of the Communist party.
The government controlled media, religion and speech as well as other parts of people’s lives.
A planned economy, government controlled.
A low standard of living existed, but not extreme wealth and poverty.
Determined to protect themselves from attack.

Question 7

Which conference took place in February 1945 and which key leaders attended?

Answer 7

Yalta Conference

Attended by Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin.

Question 8

What was agreed at Yalta?

Answer 8

Germany to be divided between - USSR, USA, Britain & France.
Berlin to be divided between - USSR, USA, Britain & France.
Eastern European countries to hold free elections for new leadership.
USSR would join with war against Japan.
Poland’s borders.

Question 9

What did the USSR gain at the Yalta Conference?

Answer 9

1/4 Germany
1/4 Berlin
Manchuria & Sakhalin Island in Asia.
Poland’s border moved west into Germany.

Question 10

What was the major dispute between the superpowers at Yalta?

Answer 10

USSR wanted Poland’s border moved west into German land, Churchill and Roosevelt disagreed, but with Soviet control in Poland, they had no choice.

Question 11

Which conference took place in July- August 1945 and which leaders attended?

Answer 11

Potsdam conference

Attended by Truman, Churchill & Stalin. During conference British election meant Churchill was replaced by Attlee.

Question 12

What was the relationship like between USSR & USA at the Yalta conference?

Answer 12

Roosevelt had died suddenly, Truman became President but was anti- Communist and therefore suspicious of Stalin.

Question 13

What was discussed at the Potsdam conference?

Answer 13

Victory in Europe and the removal of troops from Europe, after Germany surrendered in May 1945.
Control of Poland.
The Atom Bomb.
How to deal with the Nazis and Germany.

Question 14

Why did Stalin not trust Truman at Potsdam?

Answer 14

The USA told the USSR about the testing of the new weapon the Atomic Bomb, which was about to be used by the USA on Japan to end WW2.

Question 15

What was decided at Potsdam regarding Germany?

Answer 15

The Nazi Party would be banned and it’s leaders would be tried as war criminals.

Question 16

Why were there tensions at Potsdam?

Answer 16

Stalin was denied a naval base in the Mediterranean.
Stalin wanted more reparations from Germany than Britain and the USA thought was right. They wanted to avoid crippling Germany.
Stalin had set up a Communist government in Poland.

Question 17

What did Churchill describe across Europe in 1945/1946?

Answer 17

An Iron Curtain, dividing the East (Communism) and the West (Capitalism), across Europe.

Question 18

What are reparations?

Answer 18

Money paid to cover the cost of repair/compensation for war.

Question 19

What did the Soviets keep in Europe in 1946, where as the USA and Britain decreased?

Answer 19

Troops

Question 20

What were satellite states?

Answer 20

Countries of the world in the Cold War who relied heavily on the USSR.

Question 21

Which areas of Europe were satellite states in the 1940s?

Answer 21

Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Hungary.

Question 22

What was Cominform and when was it introduced?

Answer 22

Set up by Stalin in 1947 to create an alliance of Communist countries who would spread Stalin’s ideas in return for support from Moscow.

Question 23

What was Comecon and when was it set up?

Answer 23

Set up by Stalin in 1949, to co-ordinate production and trade between Communist areas of Europe.

Question 24

Why was Greece an important event in 1947?

Answer 24

Greece had royalists vs communists in 1947. The royalist sought support from the USA to stand up to Communism. Truman supported Greece with arms and money, civil war in 1949 saw communism defeated. Greece became a USA ally.

Question 25

What was the Truman Doctrine and when did it begin?

Answer 25

In 1947, it aimed to avoid the spread of Communism, Truman and the USA offered support to any nation which help to resist the spread of Communism. It began with Greece and Turkey.

Question 26

What was Marshall Aid and when was it introduced?

Answer 26

In 1947, the USA believe poverty could allow Communism to spread and needed to develop American trade links.
To stop the spread of Communism and help Europe recover gate the war, billions of dollars was poured into Europe.

Question 27

What made Marshall Aid different to Comecon?

Answer 27

Marshall Aid with the aim of helping the European economy, was offered to everyone, but only Western Europe accepted it.

Question 28

Why was Czechoslovakia important in 1948?

Answer 28

Czechoslovakia although in Eastern Europe, was not fully in Stalin’s Eastern bloc, it considered accepting Marshall Aid, as elections were due in the spring. Communists organised marches and protests against USA intervention, Masaryk (Czech non communist) died and in 1948, elections took place with only Communist options for voters. The Eastern Bloc spread to now include Czechoslovakia.

Question 29

What happened to Berlin after Yalta?

Answer 29

The city was divided between Britain, USA, France and USSR but was engulfed inside East Germany controlled by the USSR.

Question 30

What happened to Germany and Berlin in 1948?

Answer 30

The British, American and French quarters were combined together, in Berlin known as the Trizonia to form West Berlin.

Question 31

Why did Stalin panic in 1948?

Answer 31

Many people in East Germany or East Berlin saw the prosperity in the West and therefore left.

Question 32

How did Stalin stop Berlin being successful in 1948?

Answer 32

He applied a Blockade to isolate Berlin from West Germany.

Question 33

What happened in the Berlin Blockade?

Answer 33

Stalin isolated Berlin, the Allies began airlifting supplies into the city. For ten months supplies were flown in.

Question 34

When and why did the Berlin Blockade end?

Answer 34

In May 1949, Stalin realised the Blockade had failed and allowed communication to be reopened.

Question 35

At what point was West Germany created?

Answer 35

After the Berlin Blockade, in May 1949, the British, French and American zones wee officially known as the Federal Republic of Germany/ West Germany.

Question 36

When did the Soviets create East Germany officially?

Answer 36

October 1949, post the creation of West Germany.

Question 37

What was NATO and when was it created?

Answer 37

In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was created uniting Western Europe, USA and Canada to defend each other from attack.

Question 38

What was the Warsaw Pact and when was it created?

Answer 38

In 1955, after Germany officially joined NATO, the Soviets created the Warsaw Pact.
A Communist version of NATO.
A united military front.