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A Level Politics (UK) > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Liberalism Thinkers

A

John Locke
Wollstonecraft
Mill
Rawls
Friedan

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2
Q

Locke’s ideas

A

Social Contract Theory - Society, state and government are based on consensual agreement
Limited Gov - Gov should be limited and based on consent from the people

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3
Q

Wollstonecraft ideas

A

Reason - Women are rational and independent
Formal Equality - Women should be able to enjoy full civil liberties and allowed to have a career

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4
Q

Mill’s ideas

A

Harm Principle - Individuals should be able to do anything as long as it harms no-one
Tolerance - belief that the popularity of the view does not make it correct

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5
Q

Rawls ideas

A

Theory of Justice - society must be just and guarantee a citizen a life worth living
Veil of Ignorance - people would want society to be fair if they didn’t know where they would end up in the hypothetical society

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6
Q

Friedan Ideas

A

Legal Equality - women are as capable as men and oppressive laws and social views should be overturned
Equal Opportunity - women are being held back due to limited number of jobs “acceptable” for women and should be able to have the same opportunities

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7
Q

Modern vs Classical Liberals on human nature

A

AGREE - Rationality - free from state interference - have boundless capabilities
AGREE - Stress importance of individuals with equal rights - (Locke) Capacity for reason
DISAGREE - Motivation - Classical egotistical individualism - humans are self interested and they are fixed/ Modern developmental individualism - human nature isn’t fixed and flourishing knows no bounds

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8
Q

Modern vs Classical Liberals on state

A

AGREE - agree on dispersing power (devolution)
DISAGREE - Size - Classical = limited state with no interference in lives/ Modern = enabling state - support some interference to help people born with disparities so they can succeed
DISAGREE - Intervention in the economy - Classical = No intervention in the economy (Laissez-faire economy) - ‘invisible hand’ / Modern - Keynesian economics - some intervention to prevent a complete and collapse and manage it so can limit homelessness and joblessness - off of the Great Depression

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9
Q

Modern vs Classical Liberals on economy

A

AGREE - Free market capitalism and free trade between nations - unleashes potential of individuals
AGREE - All favour wider ownership - avoid concentrations of power and encourage meritocracy
DISAGREE - Laissez Faire vs Keynesian

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10
Q

Modern vs Classical Liberals on society

A

AGREE - Tolerance - accepting of differences as long is does not restrict others - individualism
AGREE - Freedom from the state - Wollstonecroft thought it was women’s choice if they remained in a traditional role in the private sphere - private realm left free from interference - Freedom from discrimination
DISAGREE - How much can society support freedom - Modern Liberals = Positive freedoms - freedoms to - state removes barriers from people’s freedoms/ Classical = freedom from high taxes so no welfare - negative freedoms = freedom from

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11
Q

Conservative Thinkers

A

Thomas Hobbes
Edmund Burke
Oakeshott
Rand
Nozick

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12
Q

Hobbes Ideas

A

Order - ordered society balance the human need to lead a free life
Human Nature - humans are needy, vulnerable and easily led astray in attempts to understand the world around them

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13
Q

Burke Ideas

A

Change - political change should be with caution and organically
Tradition and empiricism - tradition should be respected

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14
Q

Oakeshott ideas

A

Human Imperfection - society is unpredictable and humans are imperfect
Pragmatism - belief Conservatism is about being pragmatic

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15
Q

Rand ideas

A

Objectivism - advocates virtues of rational self interest
Freedom - supports pure laissez faire economy

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16
Q

Nozick ideas

A

Libertarianism - humans cannot be treated as a thing or used against their will as a resource
Self ownership - individuals own their own bodies, talents, abilities and honours

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17
Q

Conservative views on Human Nature

A

AGREE - humans are self interested so universal equality is impossible - grant property and reward effort are best
DISAGREE - neoconservative pessimists vs neoliberal optimists (Hobbes vs Rand) - fear of chaos and need for order vs love of and need for freedom
DISAGREE - Understanding - Traditional = humans ain’t capable of complex ideas / New Right = humans are capable of understanding

18
Q

Conservative views on society

A

AGREE - Humans are self interested and flawed - attempts to impose an engineered society will end up doomed
DISAGREE - One Nation paternalists vs neoliberal minarchists - ON = role of state in providing welfare (paternalism) / NL = fear of a dependency culture and ‘road to serfdom’
DISAGREE - Traditional communitarians vs neoliberal rationalists (Burke vs Rand) - T = organic society of little platoons held together by morals and tradition / NL = atomistic rational individualists - reflected in hierarchy vs meritocracy

19
Q

Conservative views on the state

A

AGREE - Reject totalitarian state will to create a perfect society - cruel and doomed
AGREE - Due to human imperfection, state is necessary to provide some control over humans to keep them in line and keep justice and prevent threats
DISAGREE - One nation paternalists vs neoliberal minarchists - ON = role of state to provide for some people (paternalism/welfare) / NL = fear of dependency culture

20
Q

Conservatives views on the economy

A

AGREE - rejection of nationalisation of industries and redistribute wealth - profit encourages competition
AGREE - individual property ownership should be encouraged as it develops responsibility and effort and innovation
DISAGREE - ON vs NL - role of state in steering the economy to avoid unemployment vs laissez faire economics with no interference and free markets and trade

21
Q

Socialism key thinkers

A

Marx and Engels
Webb
Luxemburg
Crosland
Giddens

22
Q

Marx and Engels ideas

A

Centrality of social class - ideas of historical materialism, dialect change and revolutionary class consciousness
Humans as social beings - how nature is socially determined and how true common humanity can be expressed only under communism

23
Q

Webbs ideas

A

Inevitability of gradualness - gradualist parliamentary strategy for achieving evolutionary socialism
Expansion of the state - this and not the overthrow of the government is vital to achieving evolutionary socialism

24
Q

Luxemburg’s ideas

A

Evolutionary socialism and revisionism - not possible as capitalism is based on an economic relationship of exploitation
Struggle by the proletariat for reform and democracy - creates class consciousness necessary to overthrow the capitalist society and state

25
Q

Crosland’s ideas

A

Inherent contradictions in capitalism - does not drive social change and managed capitalism can deliver social justice and equality
State managed capitalism - includes the mixed economy, full employment and universal social benefits

26
Q

Giddens Ideas

A

Rejection of state intervention - acceptance of the free market in economy, equality of opportunity, responsibility and community over class conflict
Role of the State - social investment in infrastructure and education not economic and social engineering

27
Q

Socialism on Human Nature

A

AGREE - Human nature is influenced by nurture rather than nature, so seek to improve surroundings
AGREE - Positive view on human’s capacity for reason, sociability and cooperation (different methods but still agree on the outcome)
DISAGREE - Extent to which common humanity requires collectivism declines as one moves away from revolutionary fundamentalist positions - Marxists demand it but Giddens is closer to liberalism

28
Q

Socialism on Society

A

AGREE - society where there is no polarisation between the rich and poor is desirable - everyone has access to the necessities of life
DISAGREE - Marxists want revolution and see there is a divide between the classes / Social Democrats see less polarisation in society and want to reduce inequalities by reform
DISAGREE - Third way = less focused on class inequalities and want to build an inclusive society by spreading opportunity and minority rights / Marxists see this as window-dressing

29
Q

Socialism on the state

A

AGREE - socialists are not anarchists and require a state to deliver the equality they seek - Shared by Giddens and Marx, Education is vital in this
DISAGREE - Marx wanted to smash the bourgeoisie state and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat/ Webb and other revisionist socialists agree to evolutionary change
DISAGREE - Revisionists and Neo-revisionists divided between Croslandite mixed economies and the more market-oriented liberal approach of Giddens

30
Q

Socialism on the economy

A

AGREE - Unregulated capitalism creates inequalities and inefficiencies which should be addressed by some government activity
DISAGREE - Marxists and democratic socialists believe Capitalism should be completely replaced / Revisionists and neo-revisionists have agreed with Keynesian and not to completely get rid of it but control and manage it
DISAGREE - revisionists and neo-revisionists disagree on the kind of capitalism whether it looks more like Croslandite economics or the more liberal approach put forward by Giddens

31
Q

Direct vs Representative Democracy

A

DIRECT:
72% turnout - Brexit 2016
INDYREF 2014 - 85% turnout
Protests after the EU referendum - against Direct Democracy

REP:
2001 GE TO = 59%
2017 GE TO = 69%
2019 - Lib Dems received 19% of the seats and only had 2% of the vote - against REP democracy

32
Q

Wider franchise and suffrage

A

Over 89% of 16-17 olds registered for INDYREF
Elections Act 2022 - Voter ID - suppressing voters

33
Q

Civil Disobedience examples (Pressure Groups)

A

2023 - Just Stop Oil abandons climate protests after being shamed by Tory Gov
Police, Crime and Sentencing Act 2022 - allows police to toughen up on dealing with protests
2023 - 77% of Junior doctors voted to strike

34
Q

Insider Pressure Groups

A

BMA - lobbied policy makers through direct meeting and other methods to ensure the Health and Care Act 2022 addressed their concerns
CBI - Sunak made speech at conference and they responded by asking questions about measures used to achieve Sunak’s goals

35
Q

Outsider Pressure Groups

A

Marcus Rashford worked with Fare Share on the free school meals for underprivileged kids
38 degrees - used social media to impact change and has 2.5 million members

36
Q

Think Tanks

A

Truss’ senior special advisor, Ruth Porter was communication director at the IEA - Spoke many times at their convention over the last 12 years
Institute for fiscal studies revealed the “fiscal hole” after the 2022 mini budget - important as gov won’t publish broadcast by the independent office of budget responsibility

37
Q

Lobbying

A

2021 - Greensil scandal - Cameron lobbied Sunak on behalf of Greensil who paid him 10 million over two and a half years
Owen Patterson left the commons after Nov 2021 after being accused of breaking lobbing rules

38
Q

Rights

A

2023 Public Order Bill - further prevents right to protest
Freedom of Information Act 2000 - right to access information if it is deemed needed to be seen by the public
Investigatory Powers Act 2016 - allows greater surveillance in Britain
S.C declares 2004 civil partnership act against the HRA in 2018- gov amended it in 2019

39
Q

Political Parties

A

2015 - Green won 1 million votes but only 1 seat
2019 - Johnson elected leader of Tories and the PM by only 1% of the population
Expenses Scandal
2017 - Labour and Cons had 82% of the vote share
2022 - Cons received 4.8 million in donations and Labour received 7.2 million in donations
2022 - Green received 172,000 in donations

40
Q

Electoral Systems

A

AV 2011 - TO = 42%
68% voted against
2001 GE = 60%
Brexit = 52% leave
2019 - Cons won 365 seats despite only having 44% of the vote

41
Q

Voting Behaviour and Media
Long term factors

A

Age:
2019 - 57% of 60-69 year olds voted Tories
64% of 18-24 voted to remain in the EU
61% of 60 - 69 year olds voted to leave
Class:
2019 - 36% of all AB voters voted Labour
Region:
2019 GE:
57% of South East voted Cons
48% voted Labour in NE

42
Q

Voting Behaviour and the Media
Short Term factors

A

Media:
Sun has backed every winner since 1979
1992 - “Its the Sun wot won it”
2017 - greater use of social media
2017 - “May Bot” - still won it
2017 - Labour still scored well even though attacks on Corbyn through media
2010 - TV Debates - Cleggmania
Campaign:
1997 - Tony Blair = young, charismatic leader
2017 - Corbyn took advantage of media and in person events to secure the vote of young people
2017 Cons campaign = uninspiring - didn’t get enough for a majority
Salient Issues:
2019 - Labour promises led to questions over affordability
2017 & 2019 - Brexit was a divisive issue and each used this to their advantage
1997 - Labour took advantage of failing economic issues after Black Wednesday

A Level Politics (UK) (3 decks)

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