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Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

kelvin to degrees

A

k = c + 273.16

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2
Q

thermal equilibrium

A

if two substances are in contact and one is hotter than the other there will be a new flow of thermal energy from the hotter object to the cooler object till they reach thermal equilibrium

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3
Q

properties of solids

A

*strong electrostatic forces of attractions
* kinetic energy and they vibrate around their fixed positions

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4
Q

properties of liquid

A

greater mean seperation
more kinetic energy still electrostatic attraction

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5
Q

properties of gaseous phase

A

most kinetic energy
travel with random speed and direction

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6
Q

brownian motion

A

molecules of a gas travel in random directions with random velocity, can be observed in smoke particles under a microscope, random movement because of collisions with other particles which transfers momentum

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7
Q

internal energy

A

sum of the randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies associated with the atoms or molecules which make up the substance

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8
Q

when a substance is heated but remains in the same state

A

kinetic energy of the molecules increases but the potential energy remains the same

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9
Q

when a substance changes state

A

potential energy increases but the kinetic energy remains the same. temperature of the substance stays the same because the thermal energy is being used to overcome electrostatic bonds between molecules.

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10
Q

absolute zero

A

this is at 0 kelvin and when all the molecules in a substance stop moving completely.

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11
Q

specific heat capacity

A

energy required per unit mass to increase the temperature by 1k.

given by the equation E = mc∆𝜃

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12
Q

how can we know the specific heat capacity of a substance using an electrical heater

A
  1. known mass of a substance is heated by an electrical heater with known power for a given time
  2. initial and final temperatures of the substance are measured.
  3. energy transfer is equal to power multiplied by time, VI = mc∆𝜃/t and rearrange to find c.
  4. an insulator is used around the substance to minions external energy transfer.
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13
Q

Specific latent heat

A

energy required per unit mass to change the phase of a substance from solid to liquid

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14
Q

Specific latent heat of vaporisation

A

energy required per unit mass to change the phase of a substance from liquid to gas, the formula being E = mL

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15
Q

determine specific latent heat of a substance

A

use similar setup when an object is chasing phase the temperature is constant is used as the time when calculating the energy transferred to the substance

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16
Q

how many particles in a mole

A

6.02x10^23 this can be determined by multiplying the number of moles of a substance by avagadros constant. the number of moleskin, of a substance is determined as
m = mass, M = molar mass

n = m/M

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17
Q

how do particles in an ideal gas behave

A
  • gas contains large number of atoms with brownian motion
  • volume is negligible when compared to the total volume of the gas
  • all collisions are perfectly elastic
    *time taken for atoms to collide is negligible compared to the time between collisions
  • electrostatic forces between atoms are negligble except when colliding
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18
Q

Boyles law

A

for a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume

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19
Q

Charles law

A

for a fixed mass of gas at a constant volume, the pressure is proportional to temperature.

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20
Q

what 2 laws are compiled to produce the pressure volume equation

A

pV =nRT

Charles law and Boyles law
p = pressure, V = volume, n = no. of. moles, R = molar constant, T temperature

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21
Q

investigating Boyles law

A

pressure exerted is inversely proportional to its volume,
sealed syringe filled with gas connected to a pressure gauge. string can be used to vary the volume of the container and values of volume and pressure are recording.

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22
Q

root mean square speed

A

pressure exerted by a gas and the mean kinetic energy of molecules in the gas are related to the root mean square speed of the molecules.

pV = 1/3 Nmc^2

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23
Q

the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution

A

shows the number of molecules with each speed against speed c, area under the graph represents total number of molucules. as temperature increases the peak of the graph shifts to a higher speed

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24
Q

Boltzmann constant

A

pV = nKT

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25
Q

internal energy of an ideal gas

A

sum of the kinetic and potential energies, the kinetic energy is equal to the total internal energy as there are no electrostatic forces between the molecules

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26
Q

angular velocity

A

rate of change of angle it is given by the formula w = ∆𝜃/t = 2(pi)(f)

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27
Q

centripetal force

A

net force which acts perpendicular to the direction of the velocityy towards the centre of the circle.

F = mv^2 /r
v = 2πr/t = wr

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28
Q

simple harmonic motion

A

type of oscillation where the acceleration of the oscillator is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and acts towards the equilibrium position.

a = -w^2x

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29
Q

analysing simple harmonic motion, equations for the displacement of an oscillator

A

x = Asin(wt)
x = Acos(wt)

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30
Q

velocity and acceleration of oscillations

A

maximum velocity occurs at equilbrium position with the oscillator being stationary at the amplitude points. maximums accerlation occurs at the amplitude points and is 0 when the oscillator is at equilibrium

v = +-W sqrt(A^2 - X^2)

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31
Q

damping

A

the process by which the amplitude of the oscillations decreases over time this is due to energy loss to resistive forces such as drag and friction

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32
Q

types of damping

A

light - occurs naturally and the amplitude decreases exponentially
heavy - amplitude decreases dramatically
critical - object stops before one oscillation is completed

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33
Q

free oscillation

A

no external forces are being applied it oscillates at its natural frequency

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34
Q

forced oscillation

A

occurs when a periodic driving force is applied to an object which causes it to oscillate at a particular frequency

35
Q

when does resonance occur

A

when the driving frequency of the external force applied to the object is the same as the natural frequency of the object resonance occurs

36
Q

what is resonance

A

when the amplitude of oscillation rapidly increases, and if there is no damping the amplitude will increase till the system fails

37
Q

gravitational field strength

A

gravitational force experienced per unit mass by an object at that point in a gravitational field. only works when the mass of the objects gravitational field is negligible compared to the external gravitational field the object is in

38
Q

newtons law of gravitation

A

two point masses attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their seperation

39
Q

gravitational field strength for a point mass

A

can be given by dividing the gravitational force between two point masses but he mass of the other point mass.

this shows the field strength for any object only depends on the mass of the planet and the distance between them.

40
Q

Keplers first law

A

the orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. the motion can be modelled as circular

41
Q

Keplers second law

A

a line segment joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during intervals of equal time

42
Q

Keplers third law

A

the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the average distance r from the sun

43
Q

satellites

A

objects that orbit other larger objects

44
Q

geostationary satellites

A

have an orbital period of one day they travel in the same direction as the rotation of the earth along the equatorial plane. therefore remaining above the same point on earth

45
Q

gravitational potential

A

work done per unit mass to move an object to that point from infinity

46
Q

escape velocity

A

for an object to escape a gravitational field produced by a mass M the kinetic energy of the object at the start must be equal to or greater than the gravitational potential energy required to lift it to infinity.

47
Q

planet

A

objects with mass sufficient for their own gravity to force them to take a spherical shape where no nuclear fusion occurs and the object has cleared its orbit of other objects

48
Q

dwarf planets

A

plants where the orbit has not been cleared of other objects

49
Q

asteroids

A

objects which are too small and uneven in shape to be planets

50
Q

comets

A

irregularly sized balls of rock dust and ice. orbit the sun in eccentric elliptical orbits

51
Q

solar systems

A

systems conrtaining stars and orbiting objects like planets

52
Q

galaxies

A

a collection of stars, dust and gas. Each galaxy contains around 100 billion stars

53
Q

what are nebulae

A

gigantic clouds of dust and gas and are the birthplace of all stars

54
Q

how do stars form?

A

over years the gravitational attraction between dust and gas particles pulls them together to form clouds. some regions become denser and pull in more dust and gas due to the gravitational collapse. the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy. the resultant sphere of very hot dense dust and gas is a protostar

55
Q

what is a protostar

A

for a start to form the temp and pressure must be high enough for the hydrogen gas nuclei in the protostar to overcome the electrostatic forces of repulsion and undergo nuclear fusion this produces helium nuclei producing a star

56
Q

what initially happens to a star

A

remains in stable equilibrium the gravity forces act to compress the star but radiation pressure from photons emitted in fusion and gas pressure within the core counteract this keeping the size constant. this is the main phase of the star

57
Q

difference between larger stars

A

they are hotter and undergo fusion faster using up more available hydrogen, therefore have a shorter main phase,

58
Q

evolution of a low mass star to red giant

A

0.5m-10m, once hydrogen drops the gravity forces overcome radiation and gas so star begins to collapse inwards, turn into a red giant, the core of the red giant is too cool and the outer shell allows fusion to occur

59
Q

from red giant to white dwarf

A

evolved into a white dwarf outer shells drift off as planetary nebula, core remains very dense, has temperature around 3000k no fusion occurs.

60
Q

what stops white dwarfs collapsing

A

electron degeneracy pressure (as two electrons cannot exist in the same state)

61
Q

what is the Chandrasekhar limit

A

as long as the core mass is below 1.44M the white dwarf star is stable

62
Q

evolution of a massive star

A

> 10M, hydrogen depletes helium fusion occurs into heavier elements forming a red supergiant.

63
Q

what is the red supergiant

A

has layers of increasingly heavy elements produced from fusion with an inert iron core, the star becomes unstable. a type 2 supernova occurs where there is a shockwave which ejects the materials in the outer shells out in to space and the core collapses

64
Q

what happens to a collapsed type 2 supernova

A

elements heavier than iron are formed in supernovas, if the remaining mass is greater than 1.44M, protons and electrons form neutrons. This makes a neutron star, if the mass is greater than 3M the gravitational forces are so strong the escape velocity of the core is greater than the speed of light, this is a black hole.

65
Q

What are electron levels

A

bound to an atom can only exist in certain discrete energy levels, each element has its own set of energy levels. when an electron is excited it moves up when it is the opposite it moves towards the down state, releases photon with a specific wavelength

66
Q

emission line spectra

A

each element produces a unique emission line spectrum because of the unique set of energy levels associated with its electron

67
Q

continuous line spectra

A

all visible wavelengths of light are present produced by heated solid metals

68
Q

absorption line spectra

A

dark spectral lines against background of the continuous spectrum with each line corresponding to a wavelength of light used to excite atoms of that element.

69
Q

diffraction grating

A

regularly spaced slits that can diffract light, different colours of light have different wavelength have different wavelengths so will be directed at different angles.
dsinx = n(lamda)

70
Q

Weins law

A

the black body radiation curve for different temperatures peaks at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature of the object. where lamda is the wavelength of light produced with maximum intensity, T is the absolute surface temp

(lamda)(temp) = 2.9x10^-3

71
Q

stefans law

A

for a black body, the total radiant heat energy emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
used to relate temp with luminosity

72
Q

distances

A

Astronomical Unit = 1.5 x 10^11 average distance from earth to sun
light year = light travels in one year

73
Q

arc minutes and arcseconds

A

one degree there are 60 arc minutes and 3600 arc seconds

74
Q

what is a Parsec

A

the distance at which a radius of 1 AU subtends an angle of 1 arcsecond in metres, 1 Parsec is 3.1x10^16

75
Q

what is parallax

A

can be used to measure the distance to nearby stars, it is the apparent shift in position of an object against a backdrop of distance objects that dont appear to move accurate up to 100pc

76
Q

cosmological principle

A

the universe is isotropic (same in all directions no centre or edge) and homogenous, and the laws of physics are universal.

77
Q

doppler effect

A

apparent shift in wavelength occurring when the source of the waves is moving. if moving to detector wavelength appears to decrease, otherwise contrary

78
Q

Doppler effect in starlight

A

shifts the position of spectral lines, can be used to determine relative speed of a star
∆wavelength/wavelength = v/c

79
Q

Hubbles law

A

recessional velocity of a galaxy is proportional to its distance from earth, further away the star the faster it is moving away from us V = Hd

80
Q

universes expanding Hubbles law

A

all light from distant galaxies are red shifted showing they are moving away from earth fabric of space time expanding

81
Q

Big Bang theory evidence

A

all objects were initially contained in a singularity which suddenly expanded outwards.
- microwave background radiation
originally high energy gamma photons were distributed across the universe

82
Q

evolution of universe

A

10^-35 s = universe expands rapidly with accerlation known as inflation. no matter only high energy gamma photons and em radiation
10^-6 s =first fundamental particles gain mass
10^-3 s =most mass is created using pair production hadrons come from quarks
1s = production of mass halted

83
Q

dark energy

A

used to explain the accelerating expansion and should make up 68% of the total energy in the universe

Physics (12 decks)

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