Paper 0 - Research Methods

Question 1

Types of experiments

Answer 1

Lab, field, natural, quasi

Question 2

Evaluate a lab experiment

Answer 2

\+High internal validity 
\+High reliability 
-Low ecological validity 
-Artificial 
-Participants are aware of experiment, demand characteristics

Question 3

Evaluate a field experiment

Answer 3

+High ecological validity
+Less artificial
-Low external replicability
-Low internal validity

Question 4

Evaluate a natural experiment

Answer 4

-Low internal validity 
\+High ecological validity
-Low reliability 
\+Can study ethically ambiguous things
-Difficult to generalise

Question 5

Evaluate a quasi experiment

Answer 5

\+IV doesn't vary
\+Easy to compare
\+Can be carried out in a lab
-Only casual conclusions can be drawn
-Lack of random allocation

Question 6

What’s an extraneous variable

Answer 6

Variables that affect the DV and can be controlled

Question 7

What’s a confounding variable

Answer 7

Variables that affect the DV that aren’t controlled

Question 8

What is a H0 hypothesis

Answer 8

Null hypothesis, IV will not affect DV

Question 9

What is a H1 hypothesis

Answer 9

Experimental hypothesis, IV will affect the DV

Question 10

What is a directional hypothesis

Answer 10

Predicts a difference and the direction of the effect

Question 11

What is a non-directional hypothesis

Answer 11

Predicts a difference but not a direction

Question 12

What is external validity

Answer 12

How it can be generalised
Ecological- other settings
Population- other people
Historical- over time

Question 13

What is internal validity

Answer 13

How clearly the IV affects the DV

Question 14

How can validity be checked

Answer 14

Face validity- whether the test appears to measure what it claims
Concurrent validity- testing against another test that is valid

Question 15

How can validity be improved in research

Answer 15

• Double blind technique
• Standardised instructions
• Operational definitions of observed variables

Question 16

What is internal reliability

Answer 16

Consistency of results within a test

Question 17

What is external reliability

Answer 17

How consistent the results are when performed by other researchers

Question 18

How can reliability be assessed

Answer 18

Test-retest

Inter observer

Question 19

How can reliability be improved

Answer 19

Training observers

Ensuring behaviour categories are objectively operationalised

Question 20

What are empirical methods

Answer 20

Using observation/testing to gain knowledge

Question 21

What is objectivity

Answer 21

Measurement not affected by researchers expectations

Question 22

What is falsifiability

Answer 22

Possibility that the hypothesis could be false

Question 23

What is peer review

Answer 23

Subjecting a piece of research to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the field
Usually used for funding

Question 24

What is content analysis

Answer 24

Qualitative data to quantitive data

Creating coding units and tallying how many times they appear

Question 25

Evaluate content analysis

Answer 25

``` +detailed and in-depth analysis +easy to compare +can be placed in a graph -Time consuming -Might miss valuable information -Subjective categories ```

Question 26

What is thematic analysis

Answer 26

Simplifying long form content into shorter forms

Question 27

How would you conduct a thematic analysis

Answer 27

- Familiarising with data - Generating initial codes - Searching for themes - Reviewing themes - Defining the naming themes - Producing the report

Question 28

What is replicability

Answer 28

Study will produce the same results if repeated

Question 29

What is a paradigm

Answer 29

Shares set of assumptions about a subject

Question 30

What is a paradigm shift

Answer 30

A new theory upsets the previous paradigm

Question 31

What are the key features of a science

Answer 31

- Empirical evidence - Objectivity - Control - Hypothesis testing - Replication - Predictability

Question 32

What is a deductive reasoning

Answer 32

Theory -> research

Question 33

What is inductive reasoning

Answer 33

Research -> theory

Question 34

What is concurrent validity in research

Answer 34

How well a test corresponds with a validated test

Question 35

What is predictive validity

Answer 35

How far a test can predict outcomes

Question 36

Write a conclusion

Answer 36

As the calculated value is (provided) is (bigger/less) than the critical value (table) at a sig level of p=<0.05 for N= (pp), we can accept the (alternate/null) hypothesis and it can be concluded (statement provided)

Question 37

What is a one tailed test?

Answer 37

Directional hypothesis which predicts the effect of the IV on the DV

Question 38

What is a two tailed test?

Answer 38

Non directional hypothesis which predicts IV will affect DV but not how