Panoramic Radiography Flashcards
Panorama
An _____ view in every direction.
unobstructed
Tomography
- To view a _____ of a structure
- Useful for examining _____ located structures where overlying structures obscure conventional images
- Panoramic radiographs are _____ tomograms
“slice”
centrally
curved surface
Tomography
Eliminates ______
superimpositions
Indications for Panoramic Radiography
- Evaluation of trauma
- ______ molars
- Large lesions
- Generalized disease
- Inability to tolerate ______ films
- Assessment for ______
third
intraoral
surgical procedures
Advantages
- Well-tolerated by patients
- ______ to expose when compared to intraoral radiographs
- ______ anatomical coverage
- Relatively ______ patient dose
- Useful for patient ______ (although never exposed only for that purpose!)
minimal time
broad
low
education
Disadvantages
• Resolution is not as good as ______ films. This results in ______ detail
• Only objects in ______ are seen clearly
• Distortion of image
– ______ teeth
– Magnification
– Objects of interest ______ of focal trough
intraoral decreased focal trough overlapped outside
Image Layer
- Volume of tissue seen ______ on tomographic image
- ______ dimensional curved volume
- Called the ______ in panoramic radiology
- Can ______ in thickness
- Usually ______ on panoramic machines with variable settings for different size dental arches
clearly three focal trough vary pre-set
Image Layer
- Patient must be positioned precisely in the machine, and machine set correctly so that the ______ are in the focal trough
- Positioning may be difficult due to swelling, pain, and asymmetries
dental arches
Positioning the Patient
• Prepare the patient – Remove all removable appliances, \_\_\_\_\_\_, necklaces, chains (including the \_\_\_\_\_\_!), earrings, etc. Tongue and lip rings should also be removed, if at all possible – Explain the \_\_\_\_\_\_ to the patient • Prepare the machine – Disinfect the machine – Place a new \_\_\_\_\_\_ in the machine
metallic hairclips
patient bib
procedure
bitestick
Positioning the Patient
• Position the patient
– Patient must be as ______ as possible
– The patient’s neck should be ______
– ______ teeth should be in the notch on the bitestick
– ______ of the ear must be aligned with the plastic guides
– Ala – Tragus line should be ______ from level
straight extended anterior tragus 5 degrees
Positioning the Patient
Positionthepatient
– Panoramic lead apron must be used
– Position apron high in front to protect the ______
– Apron should be lower in back to expose the ______
thyroid
neck
Poisitioning the Patient
• Instruct the patient
– Procedure takes less than ______ minute
– Patient must remain motionless
– The machine will revolve around the patient
– Tongue must be kept against the ______
1/2
hard palate
Positioning
Too close to source (placed posteriorly): _____
Too close to detector (placed anteriorly): _____
Chin too high: _____
Chin too low: _____
magnified
minified
flattened arches
extra smiley arch
Panoramic Concepts: _____ degree rotation (____ a CT)
- ____ midline is in the center of the film
- ____ midline is at the left and right edges of the image
- Structures appear flattened and spread out
180
half
anterior
posterior
Panoramic Concepts
- Real images are formed when an object is radiographed between the and the ____
- ____ structures may appear as single or double images. Single and double images are real images
center of rotation
film/detector
midline
Double Images
• Real images may be \_\_\_\_ • Double images are formed in \_\_\_\_ region • Common double images include – \_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_
double images
zone in central
soft palate
hyoid bone
Ghost Images
Formed when an object is between the ____ and the ____. These ghost images usually result from ____ objects such as earrings, but they may be produced by dense anatomical structures such
as the ____.
source
center of rotation
external
mandible
Ghost Images
- Appear on ____ side of radiograph
- Appear ____ to real images
- Appear more ____ than real images, but have the same ____
opposite
superior
blurred
morphology
Ghost Images
• Common ghost images: – \_\_\_\_ from machine – \_\_\_\_ – Earrings – \_\_\_\_ border of the mandible
L and R from machine
spine
inferior
Soft Tissue Outlines
• Seen best in \_\_\_\_ patients • Common soft tissue structures seen: – \_\_\_\_ of tongue – \_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_ fold
edentulous dorsum soft palate lips nasolabial
Air Spaces
- ____ sinuses
- ____ air space (also known as ____ air space)
- ____ Fossa
maxillary
glossopharyngeal
palatal pharyngeal air
nasal
Interpreting Panoramic Radiographs
• Examination is an \_\_\_\_ process: – \_\_\_\_ – Maxilla – \_\_\_\_ – Soft tissue – Air spaces – \_\_\_\_
orderly
mandible
zygoma
teeth
Interpreting Panoramic Radiographs
- Examine the ____ first
- Next, examine the ____ bone
- Check the ____ structures such as canals, ____, and sinuses
- Check the soft tissue ____
- Examine the ____
- Save the teeth for ____!
borders of the bone medullary internal foramina shadows air spaces teeth
pano’s have a lower _____ than intraorals
effective dose
detector in pano’s have a _____ collimater
slit
cranex-D has a _____ focal trough
larger
_____ and _____ are most common in orthodontics (other lecture says only one)
pan
ceph
