PANIC FLASHCARDS PAPER 1
What are biofuels?
Made from recently living organisms (e.g. plants + algae)
How are biofuels carbon neutral?
Produces same carbon dioxide as absorbed in lifetime
What are the advantages to biofuels?
renewable
cheap
easy to transport
mixable w/ fossil fuels
What are the disadvantages of biofuels?
need space for growing, harvesting, processing + transport - all produces pollutants
What is the IV graph for resistors?
directly proportional gradient, passing through origin
What is the IV graph for filament lamps?
widened S shape, passes through origin
What is the IV graph for diodes?
arching upwards, starting from origin
What happens to current in a series circuit?
same everywhere
What happens to p.d. in a series circuit?
shared equally
What happens to resistance in a series circuit?
total of individual resistances
What happens to current in a parallel circuit?
shared depending on how high resistance is
What happens to p.d. in a parallel circuit?
same on each level
What happens to resistance in a parallel circuit?
more components / loops in circuit = lower resistance
What colour is each wire?
Live = brown
earth = yellow/green
blue = neutral
What voltage should each wire have?
Live = 230V
Earth + neutral = 0V
What is the purpose of the neutral wire?
completes circuit
What is the purpose of the earth wire?
stop appliance casing becoming live - alternate pathway
What can a sudden current increase cause?
causes appliance damage, shocks, fires
What can break a circuit if the current is too high?
Fuses + circuit breakers
What is the difference between fuses and circuit breakers?
Fuses are simple + cheap, with only one use
Circuit breakers are tripped, reusable and expensive
What does the particle of each radiation look like?
alpha = ⁴₂He
beta = ⁰₋₁e
gamma = γ
neutron = n
What is irradiation?
process by which objects are exposed to radiation
What is contamination?
when radioactive particles get onto your body or other objects
What factors determine how harmful the radiation is?
where you’re exposed to the radiation
type of radiation
amount of radiation you receive
What might happen to DNA if exposed to ionising raditation?
DNA could mutate
DNA could be destroyed
DNA could divide uncontrollably and become cancerous
What are the factors that affect the amount of radiation you receive?
how long you’re exposed for
how radioactive the substance is
how far away from the source you are
What safety precautions can be taken when handling radioactive substances?
use tongs when picking up the radioactive substance
store the radioactive substance in a lead-lined box
wear overalls
What is nuclear fission?
the splitting of a large and unstable nucleus into smaller daughter nuclei
What are the pros of nuclear power?
nuclear fuel is relatively cheap
nuclear power plants can produce large and steady electric power
nuclear power does not produce any greenhouse gas
What are the cons of nuclear power?
very expensive to build
waste is radioactive and very expensive to get to store
risk of nuclear meltdown
What is nuclear fission?
fusing of two smaller nuclei to make a single larger nucleus - meanwhile, lots of energy is emitted in form of electromagnetic radiation
