Pancreatic hormones

Question 1

What do the exocrine cells in the ACINI produce?

Answer 1

digestive enzymes

Question 2

Endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets produce?

Answer 2

Pancreatic hormones

Question 3

What do beta cells produce?

Answer 3

Insulin

Question 4

What do Alpha cells produce?

Answer 4

Glucagon

Question 5

What do delta cells produce?

Answer 5

somatostatin

Question 6

What do F cells produce?

Answer 6

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 7

Describe insulin

Answer 7

51aa polypeptide hormone
two chains : a & b
joined by a disulphide bond
MW ~6000kDa
synthesised as PREPROINSULIN
insulin stored in beta cell secretor granules complexed with zinc

Question 8

Insulin action in the muscle:

Answer 8

increase glucose transporter (GLUT4)

Increase glycogen synthesis

Question 9

Insulin action in liver:

Answer 9

Increase glycogen synthesis
Increase lipogenesis
Decrease gluconeogenesis

Question 10

Insulin action in adipose tissue:

Answer 10

Increase glucose transporter (GLUT4)
Increase lipogenesis
Decrease lipolysis

Question 11

What is the transporter in liver?

Answer 11

GLUT2

Question 12

Synthesis and release of insulin is stimulate by increased serum concentrations of:

Answer 12

Glucose
Amino acids
Free fat acids
Ketoacids

Question 13

What is the neural regulator of insulin secretion?

Answer 13

increased parasympathetic activity in response to food in the digestive tract. Stimulate insulin release.

Question 14

Sympathetic stimulation and adrenaline inhibit?

Answer 14

insulin secretion

Question 15

Stress or excersice increase blood glucose levels by?

Answer 15

decreasing insulin secretion

Question 16

Glucagon is synthesised where and as what?

Answer 16

alpha cells

as PREPROGLUCAGON

Question 17

What is glucagon?

Answer 17

29aa peptide

Question 18

why does glucagon oppose the actions of insulin?

Answer 18

it acts to mobilise fuels

Question 19

what are the stimulators of glucagon secretion?

Answer 19

low blood glucose
decreased plasma levels of free fatty acids
prolonged fasting or sustained exercise

Question 20

what are inhibitors of glucagon secretion?

Answer 20

high blood glucose
increased levels of plasma free fatty acids
insulin
fed state

Question 21

what is type 1/ Diabetes mellitus?

Answer 21

damage to pancreatic beta cells, resulting in lack of insulin\autoimmune damage
juvenile onset
treated by insulin replacement therapy

Question 22

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 22

loss of tissue responsiveness to insulin
usually adult onset
less severe but more common
TREATMENT: weigh loss, dietary change and exercise
drug therapy aimed at cell sensitivity to insulin, enhancement

Question 23

What is the drug used for diabetes type 2 and how does it work?

Answer 23

METFORMIN
enhances insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity
enhances glycogen synthesis
increases recruitment and transport of GLUT4 transporters to plasma membrane

Question 24

Symptoms of diabetes

Answer 24

High blood glucose
glucose in uirine
increased urine volume - osmotic diuresis
increased thirst

Question 25

what happens if diabetes type 1 is untreated?

Answer 25

Increased mobilisation and oxidation of fats
metabolic acidosis
increased protein catabolism
tissue damage
dehydration
cereal oedema

Question 26

What are the symptoms of excessive insulin?

Answer 26

low blood glucose:
  affects CNS
  blurring of speech, vision unsteadiness
  unconsciousness
Increased sympathetic nervous activity
  raised adrenaline
  increased heart rate
  sweating
  gluconeogenesis in liver
  raised blood glucose

Question 27

What is the name for congenital insulin resistance?

Answer 27

Leprachaunism

Question 28

Describe leprachaunism

Answer 28

lack of functional receptors
severe intrauterine growth retardation
infants usually die within 12 months