Pancreas CIS

Question 1

range of blood glucose levels

Answer 1

Blood glucose levels are maintained within a specific range
Greater than 60 mg/dl
Fasting levels below 100 mg/dl

Question 2

key hormones in metabolic homeostasis

Answer 2

Insulin
Glucagon
Catecholamines

Question 3

actions of insulin

Answer 3

Promoting glucose uptake and use by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
Increasing glycogen storage in liver and skeletal muscle
Suppressing glucose output by the liver
Promoting TG synthesis and storage in the liver and adipose tissue
Promoting the clearance of chylomicrons from the blood
Suppressing lipolysis of adipose TG stores

Question 4

what do catecholamines do related to the insulin pathway?

Answer 4

inhibit the pathway, also to some extent inhibit release of insulin

Question 5

insulin signaling– what receptors?

Answer 5

tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 6

diabetes mellitus overview

Answer 6

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by abnormalities in insulin secretion or action resulting in hyperglycemia.
Long-term complications involve the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, and sensory organ systems.
CDC statistics in 2011 report 25.8 million people in the US have diabetes (8.3% of the population).

Question 7

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 7

results from an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion due to beta-cell destruction (usually immune mediated). Patients require insulin and are prone to ketoacidosis

Question 8

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

results from a combination of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, which is often preceded by a period of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism (prediabtetes). Patients are typically overweight, may not immediately require insulin, and are not usually prone to ketoacidosis.

Question 9

Gestational diabetes

Answer 9

represents diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy and is based on specific screening protocols

Question 10

type 1 diabetes associated conditions

Answer 10

autoimmune thyroid disease,
celiac disease
addison’s disease

Question 11

type 2 diabetes associated conditions

Answer 11

obesity, lipid abnormalities, PCOS, NAFLD

Question 12

type 2 diabetes: 3 causes for obesity-induced

Answer 12

Reactive hyperinsulinemia followed by relative hypoinsulinemia
3 causes for obesity-induced insulin resistance
Decreased GLUT-4 uptake of glucose in response to insulin release
Decreased ability of insulin to repress hepatic glucose production
Inability of insulin to repress hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) or increase lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue

Question 13

metabolic changes with insulin deficiency

Answer 13

Decreased glucose transport into cells
- GLUT4 glucose channel
Increased glucose production
- Glycogen 
- Gluconeogenesis
Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase 
 - mobilization of FFA 
 - β-hydroxybuterate and acetoacetate (ketones)