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MD2001 Week 4 > Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A
  • release hormones

- directly into bloodstream or tissues

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2
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A
  • release chemical substances to outside of body or to another surface within body
  • released through ducts
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3
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • neutralise acid (because of acid added from stomach)

- deliver enzymes for macronutrient digestion in duodenum

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4
Q

What are the main secretory cells of the pancreas?

A

acinar cells

  • clusters of these cells are connected by intercalating ducts
  • these intercalating ducts form together to make the main pancreatic duct
  • lining cells add ions nd secretions
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5
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A
  • in C-shaped curve of duodenum - head, neck, body, tail, uncinate process
  • retroperitoneal (except tail)
  • close to major blood vessels so hard to access
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6
Q

Where dose the pancreas get its blood supply from?

A
  • via the splenic artery (from coeliac trunk)

- pancreatico-duodenal arteries ( from SMA or celiac trunk)

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7
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas deliver?

A
  • enzymes
  • ions
  • serous solutions
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8
Q

What aids the neutralisation of stomach acid?

A

HCO3- (to neutralise CL- conc)

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9
Q

How are enzymes released into the intestines?

A

secreted in their inactive form to be activated in the small intestine

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10
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct combine with?

A
  • the common bile duct

- 3 components of the sphincter of Oddi

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11
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A
  • enzymes
  • ions
  • HCO3-
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12
Q

What do ductal cells secrete?

A
  • serous

- HC03-

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13
Q

What does exocrine pancreas regulation depend on?

A

phase of digestion

  • cephalic - vagus nerve stimulates secretions by releasing Such and VIP
  • Gastric - mediated by vasovagal reflexes
  • intestinal - controlled hormonally by secretions
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14
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • synthesis and secretion of bile
  • storage of glucose, glycogen, proteins, vitamins, fats - glycogen depending of fed/fasted
  • detoxification of metabolic waste - ammonia, ethanol, drug
  • synthesis of blood clotting and anticoagulant factors (fibrin and prothrombin)
  • immune system function - removal of intestinal bacteria from portal blood so none is in systemic circulation -produces large amounts of lymph
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15
Q

What is the structure of the liver like?

A
  • left and right lobes
  • quadrate lobe next to gallbladder
  • caudate lobe next to IVC
  • diaphragmatic surface is “bare” - no peritoneal covering
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16
Q

What does bile consist of?

A
  • bile pigments/acids - bilirubin mainly
  • cholesterol
  • phospholipids
  • fatty acids
  • water
  • electrolytes
17
Q

What is the main exocrine function of the liver?

A
  • produces and secretes bile - “hepatobilary system”
18
Q

What is the function of bile acids?

A
  • emulsify lipids
19
Q

What is the function of water and electrolytes in bile?

A

NA+ and CL- are reabsorbed - causing isometric water reabsorption to concentrate bile

20
Q

How does bile secretion occur?

A
  • hepatocytes secrete bile into canaliculi - across bile ducts until they form the common hepatic duct
  • bile flow is in opposite direction of blood from hepatic artery and portal vein
21
Q

Where does bile enter the intestines?

A

from common bile duct into the

  • duodenum or
  • gallbladder
22
Q

What controls the flow of bile?

A

sphincter of odd

  • when contracted - bile goes mainly to gallbladder
  • when relaxed - bile goes mainly to duodenum
23
Q

Where is the liver found?

A

lies across the upper abdomen
under diaphragm
surrounded by peritoneum (except bare area)
may be palpable below the costal margin

24
Q

What surrounds the liver?

A

Glissons capsule - thin connective tissue layer with extensions into the organ between the lobes

25
Q

What supplies the liver with blood?

A
  • hepatic portal vein - brings absorbed nutrients from stomach and gut
  • hepatic artery - supplies hepatocytes with oxygen
26
Q

What drains bile?

A

canaliculi into bile ductules and eventually into bile ducts

27
Q

What are liver cells known as?

A

hepatocytes

28
Q

What is venous drainage of the liver done by?

A
  • hepatic veins that enter the inferior pen cava
29
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A
  • stores and distributes bile - in concentrated form
30
Q

How does the gallbladder work?

A
  • contracts to expel bile in response to CCK (same os sphincter of Oddi to relax)
  • vagal stimulation causes weak contraction
  • somatostatin and noradrenalin inhibit bile acid secretion

MD2001 Week 4 (10 decks)

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