Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LIVER & FRIENDS > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

How is the pancreas positioned in the abdominal cavity

A

completely RETROPERITONEALapart from Tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the tail of the of the pancreas arranged

A

The tail of the pancreas is attached to the spleen and is intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

During trauma what can happen to the body of the pancreas

A

The body can be crushed against the vertebral bodies during trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can inflammation/carcinoma of the pancreas cause

A

The head of the pancreas is closely related to the common bile duct meaning a carcinoma or inflammation of the head of the pancreas can block the bile ductresulting in post-hepatic/obstructive jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are the arteries arranged with the pancreas

A

the superior mesenteric vein & artery are entrapped between the head and uncinate process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different parts of the pancreas derived from

A

The uncinate process comes from the ventral bud (the rest of the pancreas comes from the dorsal bud)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why can a duodenal ulcer cause vomitting of blood

A

the superior gastroduodenal artery runs in close proximity to the duodenum, so a duodenal ulcer can eventually erode into the gasproduodenal artery resulting in haemorrhage and haematemesis (vomiting of blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the pancreas develop

A

The pancreas develops as two separate out growths - the ventral & dorsal pancreas and during development of the embryo the ventral bud rotates around and fuses with the dorsal pancreas - in effect becoming the head of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the blood supply of the pancreas

A

The pancreas receives its main blood supplyfrom the coeliac trunk which arises directlyfrom the aorta and divides at the coeliac axis to form the gastric arteries, the hepatic artery & the splenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the ceoliac trunk divide into at the coeliac axis

A

gastric arteries, the hepatic artery & the splenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What supplies the head of the pancreas and why is it arranged like it is

A

the splenic artery•The superior mesenteric artery which runs“through” the head for the simple reason that it is enveloped during the rotation when the dorsal and ventral pancreas fuse, provides some supply to the head of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the pancreas

A

Venous drainage is achieved mainly by the splenic vein which then joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas secrete

A
  • HCO3- (bicarbonate)

- Digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do the exocrine secretions come from in the pancreas

A

Secretions arise from the acinar tissue of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are things secreted from the pancreas

A

The secretions are secreted into ducts which converge into the pancreatic duct which in turn joins the common bile duct just before it enters the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of the sphincter of Oddi

A

The sphincter of Oddi is a separate bundle of circular muscle which regulates flow into the duodenum and may serve also to prevent mixing of bile & pancreatic juice within the pancreatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What will reflex of bile down the pancreatic duct cause

A

Reflux of bile down the pancreatic duct will result in acute inflammation because of its detergent properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where does the accessory pancreatic duct emerge

A

The accessory pancreatic duct usually emerges above the ampulla of Vater

19
Q

What secretes HCO3-

why

A

Secreted by epithelial cells lining the ducts known as duct cells

In order to protect the duodenal mucosa from gastric acid

It also buffers the material entering the duodenum to a pH suitable for enzyme action

20
Q

where is secretin produced

A

produced in the small intestine

21
Q

What stimulates the secretion of HCO3-

A

The release of the gastrointestinal hormone SECRETIN in response to the presence of acid in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of HCO3 - from both the pancreas & liver & also potentiates the action of the hormone CCK (which stimulates enzyme secretion)

22
Q

Other than stimulating CCK and HCO3- secretion what else does secretin do

A

Secretin also inhibits acid secretion and gastric motility in the stomach

23
Q

What secretes HCO3- into the duct lumen. via what

A

The pancreatic duct cells secretes HCO3- into the duct lumen via an apical membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchanger

24
Q

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger 1

What happens first

A

Formed by H+ which was pumped out of the duct cell in exchange for Na+ via a Na+/H+ exchanger

25
Q

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger 2

what happens when H+ is pumped out of the duct cell in exchange for Na+

A

H+ then reacted with HCO3- in the blood resulting in the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) which then rapidly dissociates to H20 & CO2

26
Q

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger 3

What happens when H2CO3 dissociates into H20 and CO2

A

CO2 then enters the duct cell via diffusion where, under the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase reacts with the H2O in the duct cell to produce carbonic acid which then dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-, the H+ can then be pumped out again via the Na+/H+ exchanger)

27
Q

Where does the Exchange of H+ for Na+ occur

A

While the H+ prodcued is exchanged for extracellular Na+ on the basolateral side of the cell

28
Q

What does the H+ exchanged do

A

The H+ enters the pancreatic capillaries to eventually meet up in the portal veinblood with the HCO3- produced by the stomach during the generation of luminal H+

29
Q

What is the energy for secretion of HCO3- provided by

A

Na+/K+ - ATPase pumps on the basolateral membrane

30
Q

Why does Cl- to accumulate within the cell

A

The Cl- normally does not accumulate within the cell because these ions are recycled into the lumen via the CFTR channel (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator)

Via a paracellular route Na+ & H2Omove into the ducts due to the electrochemical gradient established by chloride movement through the CFTR

31
Q

What is paracellular route

A

(moving through spaces between the cells e.g. tight junction)

32
Q

What is transcellular transport

A

Through membrane porters of channels (through the cell)

33
Q

What is somatostatin and where is it found

A

produced by the D cells in the pancreatic islets/ islets of Langerhans is a powerfulinhibitor of pancreatic exocrine secretion

34
Q

What cell types do the islets of langerhans contain

A
  • Alpha cells - produce glucagon
  • Beta cells - produce insulin & amylin
  • Delta/D cells - produce somatostatin
  • PP cells - produce pancreatic polypeptide
35
Q

Function of alpha cells

A

produce glucagon

36
Q

function of beta cells

A

produce insulin and amylin

37
Q

Function of delta cells

A

produce somatostatin

38
Q

Function of PP cells

A

produce pancreatic polypeptide

39
Q

What does autoimmune destruction of the islets langerhans cause

A

diabetes mellitus i.e. normal diabetes

40
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

pancreas failure to produce enough insulin

41
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

cells fail to respond to insulin properly

42
Q

When do most exocrine secretions happen

A

Intestinal phase

43
Q

How does the cephalic phase effect pancreatic secretion

A

Initiated by the sensory experience of seeing & eating food and primarily involves parasympathetic vagus nerve stimulation of acinar cells to produce digestive enzymes

44
Q

How does the gastric phase effect pancreatic secretion

A

Initiated by the presence of food within the stomach and also primarily involves parasympathetic vagus nerve stimulation of acinar cells to produce digestive enzymes

By the end of the cephalic & gastric phases, the pancreatic ducts are filled with inactive digestive zymogens ready for release into the intestinal lumenalong with bicarbonate via the sphincter of Oddi

When amino acids + fatty acids are present in the duodenum then CCK is released and the gallbladder contracts inducing enzyme secretion

LIVER & FRIENDS (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions