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LIVER & FRIENDS > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Primitive gut derived from

A

Made from the endoderm

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2
Q

What does primitive gut consist of

A

epithelial lining, hepatocytes of liver & endocrine and exocrine cells of pancreas) and visceral mesoderm (muscle & connective tissue

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3
Q

What does fore gut consist of (7)

A
  • Oral pharyngeal membrane—>liver bud
  • Coeliac artery
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Biliary apparatus
  • 1/2 of duodenum
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4
Q

What does midgut consist of (8)

A
  • Liver bud —> 2/3rds traverse colon
  • Superior mesenteric artery
  • Distal 1/2 of duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Right 2/3rds of transverse colon
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5
Q

What dos the hind gut consist of (6)

A
  • 2/3rds transverse colon —> cloacal membrane
  • Inferior mesenteric artery
  • Left 1/3rd of transverse colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
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6
Q

what is the Hepatic diverticulum

A

A cellular expansion of the foregut which gives rise to the parenchyma (functional part) of the liver

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7
Q

When does the hepatic diverticulum appear and how`

A

Appears in the middle of the 3rd week as an outgrowth of the endodermal epithelium at the distal end of the foregut (duodenum)

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8
Q

What does the liver bud contain in embryology

A

-The liver bud contains rapidly proliferating cells that penetrate the septum transversum (thick mass formed in the embryo that gives rise to parts of the thoracic diaphragm & ventral mesentery)

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9
Q

how does the bile duct form

A

The bile duct forms when the connection between the liver diverticulum and the foregut narrows

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10
Q

how is the gallbladder and cystic duct formed

A

A small ventral outgrowth develops from the bile duct which gives rise to the gallbladder & cystic duct

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11
Q

What does the further growth of the liver bud allow

A

Further growth of the liver bud allow the epithelial liver cords to intermingle with the umbilical & vitelline veins, forming the hepatic sinusoids

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12
Q

What forms the lining of the biliary ducts

A

Liver cords differentiate into hepatocytes (liver parenchyma) and form the lining of the biliary ducts

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13
Q

What happens in the 6th week to the mesoderm why is this important

A

In the sixth week the mesoderm of the ventral mesentery gives rise to haematopoietic cells, Kipper cells & connective tissue cells

haematopoiesis is an important function of the liver at this stage since it acts as the “bone marrow” in the production of white blood cells & red blood cells

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14
Q

At the 10th week, the liver weight is about 10% of the total body weight why

A

this is due to the presence of large numbers of sinusoids and involvement of the liver in haematopoietic function

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15
Q

At birth, the liver weighs about 5% of the weight due to the existence of what

A

small numbers of haematopoietic islands in the liver, and its haematopoietic function is greatly reduced

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16
Q

Hepatic cells start production of bile when

A

at the age of the 12th week

17
Q

what happens to the haematopoietic function during the last 2 months of intrauterine life

A

The haematopoietic function subsides during the last 2 months of intrauterine life

18
Q

What happens to the left umbilical vein after birth

A

obliterates to form the LIGAMENTUM TERES

19
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus after birth

A

The ductus venosus undergoes fibrosis leaving a remnant called the LIGAMENTUM VENOSUS

20
Q

How does the stomach first rotate

A

1st it rotates 90 degrees along a longitudinal axis (left now becomes anterior)

21
Q

What happens when the stomach rotates 90 degrees along a longitudinal axis

A

The posterior wall grows quicker (now on the right side) this gives the greater curvature

22
Q

After the original rotation how does the the stomach now rotate

A

2nd it rotates around the anterior posterior axis - the pyloric region of the stomach moves right and up an the cardiac region of the stomach moves left & down

23
Q

Where does the pancreas sit

A

Pancreas is located retroperitoneally across the posterior abdominal wall, it sits behind the stomach across the back of the abdomen

24
Q

What are the two types of glands the pancreas is made up of

A

Exocrine

and endocrine

25
Q

What does the exocrine gland of the pancreas do

A

secretes digestive enzymes & bicarbonate into the duodenum

26
Q

What do the endocrine glands of the pancreas do

A

consists of the islets of langerhans, which secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These cells are:

  • Beta cells: they make about 65-80% of the cells in the islets and produce insulin
  • Alpha cells: they make about 15-20% of the cells and produce an opposing hormone called glucagon - releases glucose from the liver and fatty acids from fat tissue
  • Delta cells: they make 3-10% of the cells and secrete somatostatinwhich is a strong inhibitor of insulin & glucagon
27
Q

What does the pancreas develop from

A

Develops from the endodermal lining of the duodenum as dorsal & ventral buds

28
Q

Where is the dorsal bud of the pancreas located

A

in the dorsal mesentery

29
Q

Where is the ventral bud of the pancreas located

A

in the ventral mesentery - close to the bile duct

30
Q

What happens to the ventral bud when the duodenum rotates

A

When the duodenum rotates and becomes C-shaped, the ventral budand the entrance to the common bile duct in the duodenum are shifted dorsally

The ventral bud comes to lie immediately below & behind the dorsal bud, finally the parenchyma & duct systems of both buds fuse together

31
Q

The ventral pancreatic bud forms what part of the pancreas

A

the uncinate process and inferior part of the head of the pancreas

32
Q

The dorsal bud forms what part of the pancreas

A

everything but the uncinate process and inferior part of head

33
Q

How is the main pancreatic duct formed

A

The main pancreatic duct is formed by the union of the ventral pancreatic ductwith the distal part of the duct of dorsal bud

34
Q

The main pancreatic duct along with the common bile duct enter the what

where does this enter the wall of the duodenum

A

ampulla of vater which enters the wall of the duodenum at the site of the major duodenal papilla

35
Q

The accessory pancreatic duct when present (10%) does what

A

drains the lower part of the head & uncinate process, it opens into the duodenum at the minor papilla, 3cm proximal to the opening of the main duct

36
Q

What do the islets of langerhans develop from and when

A

Develop from the parenchyma of the pancreas at the third month of fetal life

37
Q

When does insulin secretion begin

A

fifth month

38
Q

what does Pancreatic connective tissue develop from

A

from the visceral surrounding mesoderm

LIVER & FRIENDS (11 decks)

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