Pancreas

Question 1

What is a heterocrine gland

Answer 1

An endocrine gland that makes hormones but also an exocrine gland that secretes digestive enzymes

Question 2

Where is the pancreas

Answer 2

Behind the stomach, medial to the spleen, abutting the duodenum

Question 3

What does the head of the pancreas attach to

Answer 3

duodenum

Question 4

How do digestive enzymes get from the pancreas to the GI tract

Answer 4

Via the bile duct that enters the duodenum via the ampulla or vater

Question 5

Where does the head of the pancreas receive blood from

Answer 5

SMA

Question 6

Where does the body/tail of the pancreas receive blood from

Answer 6

splenic artery

Question 7

What types of cells are in the pancreas

Answer 7

Alpha: Glucagon
beta: Insulin
delta: somatostatin

Question 8

What type of cells within the pancreas are exocrine cells

Answer 8

acinar

Question 9

What are ingested carbs converted to

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

What happens to glucose once inside the cells

Answer 10

Undergoes glycolysis to be turned into glucagon

Question 11

How does glucose get into the cells

Answer 11

requires a carrier molecule (sodium-glucose-co-transport)

Question 12

How does hyperglycemia effect the cells

Answer 12

Takes fluid from the cells and leaves them dehydrated

Question 13

What is glucagon

Answer 13

energy storage that can be converted back to glucose

Question 14

Without O2, what happens to glycogen and what is it used for

Answer 14

Glycogen is used for anaerobic energy and the breakdown of that glycogen will lead to lactic acid formation

Question 15

What organ in the body does NOT require insulin

Answer 15

Brain

Question 16

Where in the body are fatty acids taken up

Answer 16

adipose and muscle cells

Question 17

What happens to glycerol during lipid metabolism

Answer 17

It will be cleaved from fatty acid

Question 18

Once glycerol has been cleaved from fatty acid, how does it ultimately form ATP

Answer 18

Oxidized by mitochondria which forms acetyl-coA which then enters in the Krebs cycle

Question 19

Where are amino acids absorbed and what are they used for

Answer 19

Absorbed through GI tract

Used by ribosomes in transcription/translation to make proteins

Question 20

What happens to proteins once the cells are full of amino acids

Answer 20

it will be stored as fat

Question 21

Where are proteins broken down

Answer 21

In the liver through deamination into usable energy = ammonia and is then converted to urea

Question 22

What happens with protein metabolism in those with poor liver function

Answer 22

ammonia build up

Question 23

What will cause an increase in the concentration of circulating amino acids

Answer 23

glucocorticoids

Question 24

What will cause a decrease in circulating amino acids

Answer 24

insulin
growth hormone

Question 25

What is Amylin

Answer 25

Peptide hormone that is released with insulin in response to eating

Question 26

What is Amylin's job

Answer 26

helps trigger satiety slow gastric emptying suppress glucagon prevent hyperglycemia w/ insulin

Question 27

Why are diabetics at increased risk for dementia

Answer 27

because of amyloid plaques

Question 28

What breaks down insulin

Answer 28

via insulinase primarily in the liver *can also happen in kidneys

Question 29

What is required for insulin release from beta cells

Answer 29

Ca2+ influx into the cell

Question 30

How does insulin effect metabolism during fed and fasting states

Answer 30

Lipid metabolism during fasting state and carb metabolism during fed states

Question 31

How does insulin effect ingested protein

Answer 31

prevents protein catabolism

Question 32

What is glycogenesis

Answer 32

insulin stimulating glucose to be polymerized into glycogen

Question 33

What causes changes to insulin levels in the body

Answer 33

age weight amount of adipose tissue activity level

Question 34

What is gluconeogenesis

Answer 34

break down of alternative energy such as lactate, amino acids, glycerol *will occur in times of low circulating glucose

Question 35

What is released in response to hypoglycemia

Answer 35

glucagon

Question 36

What effect does glucagon have on adipose

Answer 36

activates enzymes that break down the triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 37

What effects does glucagon have on the body

Answer 37

increase cardiac contraction increased renal blood flow increase bile excretion stops gastric acid secretion

Question 38

When does T1DM typically present in kids

Answer 38

Patient has a predisposition to DM and gets exposed to a virus and then is diagnosed because they tend to go into DKA

Question 39

What occurs with metabolic syndrome

Answer 39

Low HDL high triglycerides visceral obesity insulin resistance hypertension

Question 40

What can cause a decreased effect of glucose on Bcells

Answer 40

amylin

Question 41

What occurs with metabolism of fats with hyperglycemia

Answer 41

keto acids will be released

Question 42

What causes metabolic acidosis with hyperglycemia

Answer 42

keto acids being present while a person is dehydrated

Question 43

If someone his chronically hyperglycemic, what occurs with lipids

Answer 43

elevated glucose will bind to the lipids and will induce inflammation

Question 44

What is MEN 1

Answer 44

Wermers syndrome

Question 45

What is the presentation of MEN 1

Answer 45

pituitary adenoma parathyroid tumors insulinomas gastronomes angiofibromas

Question 46

What is MEN 2A syndrome

Answer 46

simple syndrome

Question 47

What is MEN 2B

Answer 47

Marfanoid syndrome

Question 48

What is occurring with DKA

Answer 48

Decreased intracellular glucose increased extracellular glucose Osmotic diuresis occurs GFR decreases Intracellular dehydration Increased hepatic gluconeogen Leads to muscle wasting and ketones

Question 49

How will a patient present with DKA

Answer 49

Dehydration hypotension acidosis fluid loss vomiting decreased consciousness

Question 50

What will be seen with MEN 2B syndrome

Answer 50

Mucosal neuromas pheochromocytoma ganglioneuromas