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CABS endocrine > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is a heterocrine gland

A

An endocrine gland that makes hormones but also an exocrine gland that secretes digestive enzymes

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas

A

Behind the stomach, medial to the spleen, abutting the duodenum

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3
Q

What does the head of the pancreas attach to

A

duodenum

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4
Q

How do digestive enzymes get from the pancreas to the GI tract

A

Via the bile duct that enters the duodenum via the ampulla or vater

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5
Q

Where does the head of the pancreas receive blood from

A

SMA

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6
Q

Where does the body/tail of the pancreas receive blood from

A

splenic artery

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7
Q

What types of cells are in the pancreas

A

Alpha: Glucagon
beta: Insulin
delta: somatostatin

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8
Q

What type of cells within the pancreas are exocrine cells

A

acinar

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9
Q

What are ingested carbs converted to

A

glucose

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10
Q

What happens to glucose once inside the cells

A

Undergoes glycolysis to be turned into glucagon

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11
Q

How does glucose get into the cells

A

requires a carrier molecule (sodium-glucose-co-transport)

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12
Q

How does hyperglycemia effect the cells

A

Takes fluid from the cells and leaves them dehydrated

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13
Q

What is glucagon

A

energy storage that can be converted back to glucose

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14
Q

Without O2, what happens to glycogen and what is it used for

A

Glycogen is used for anaerobic energy and the breakdown of that glycogen will lead to lactic acid formation

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15
Q

What organ in the body does NOT require insulin

A

Brain

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16
Q

Where in the body are fatty acids taken up

A

adipose and muscle cells

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17
Q

What happens to glycerol during lipid metabolism

A

It will be cleaved from fatty acid

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18
Q

Once glycerol has been cleaved from fatty acid, how does it ultimately form ATP

A

Oxidized by mitochondria which forms acetyl-coA which then enters in the Krebs cycle

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19
Q

Where are amino acids absorbed and what are they used for

A

Absorbed through GI tract

Used by ribosomes in transcription/translation to make proteins

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20
Q

What happens to proteins once the cells are full of amino acids

A

it will be stored as fat

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21
Q

Where are proteins broken down

A

In the liver through deamination into usable energy = ammonia and is then converted to urea

22
Q

What happens with protein metabolism in those with poor liver function

A

ammonia build up

23
Q

What will cause an increase in the concentration of circulating amino acids

A

glucocorticoids

24
Q

What will cause a decrease in circulating amino acids

A

insulin
growth hormone

25
Q

What is Amylin

A

Peptide hormone that is released with insulin in response to eating

26
Q

What is Amylin’s job

A

helps trigger satiety
slow gastric emptying
suppress glucagon
prevent hyperglycemia w/ insulin

27
Q

Why are diabetics at increased risk for dementia

A

because of amyloid plaques

28
Q

What breaks down insulin

A

via insulinase primarily in the liver
*can also happen in kidneys

29
Q

What is required for insulin release from beta cells

A

Ca2+ influx into the cell

30
Q

How does insulin effect metabolism during fed and fasting states

A

Lipid metabolism during fasting state and carb metabolism during fed states

31
Q

How does insulin effect ingested protein

A

prevents protein catabolism

32
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

insulin stimulating glucose to be polymerized into glycogen

33
Q

What causes changes to insulin levels in the body

A

age
weight
amount of adipose tissue
activity level

34
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

break down of alternative energy such as lactate, amino acids, glycerol

*will occur in times of low circulating glucose

35
Q

What is released in response to hypoglycemia

A

glucagon

36
Q

What effect does glucagon have on adipose

A

activates enzymes that break down the triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

37
Q

What effects does glucagon have on the body

A

increase cardiac contraction
increased renal blood flow
increase bile excretion
stops gastric acid secretion

38
Q

When does T1DM typically present in kids

A

Patient has a predisposition to DM and gets exposed to a virus and then is diagnosed because they tend to go into DKA

39
Q

What occurs with metabolic syndrome

A

Low HDL
high triglycerides
visceral obesity
insulin resistance
hypertension

40
Q

What can cause a decreased effect of glucose on Bcells

A

amylin

41
Q

What occurs with metabolism of fats with hyperglycemia

A

keto acids will be released

42
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis with hyperglycemia

A

keto acids being present while a person is dehydrated

43
Q

If someone his chronically hyperglycemic, what occurs with lipids

A

elevated glucose will bind to the lipids and will induce inflammation

44
Q

What is MEN 1

A

Wermers syndrome

45
Q

What is the presentation of MEN 1

A

pituitary adenoma
parathyroid tumors
insulinomas
gastronomes
angiofibromas

46
Q

What is MEN 2A syndrome

A

simple syndrome

47
Q

What is MEN 2B

A

Marfanoid syndrome

48
Q

What is occurring with DKA

A

Decreased intracellular glucose
increased extracellular glucose
Osmotic diuresis occurs
GFR decreases
Intracellular dehydration
Increased hepatic gluconeogen
Leads to muscle wasting and ketones

49
Q

How will a patient present with DKA

A

Dehydration
hypotension
acidosis
fluid loss
vomiting
decreased consciousness

50
Q

What will be seen with MEN 2B syndrome

A

Mucosal neuromas
pheochromocytoma
ganglioneuromas

CABS endocrine (5 decks)

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