Palubicki APWH Unit 8 Flashcards
Cold War
Def: This was a rivalry between the US and soviet union over the spread of communism, however it never was a full out war, instead it was propaganda campaigns, secret operations, and arms race. If there was a war among two smaller countries the soviet union and US would step in on opposing sides to help their side win.
LO1: Both sides advanced their weapons significantly, creating many atomic and nuclear bombs. After 1945, the hydro bomb was developed by both sides and was much stronger than any other atomic bombs. Eventually US president eisenhower expressed his concerns about the new bombs, later citizens also were worried about this issue. This led to a protest against stockpiling of nuclear weapons.
Non- Aligned Movement
Def: A movement from other countries in which the soviet union and US would take opposing sides of the war going on to assist them. For example, when war between Somalia and Ethiopia broke out, the Soviet Union helped Ethiopia and the United States helped Somalia.
LO2: The cause of this movement was that african and asian countries wanted to stay out of the rivalry between the soviet union and US, and they wanted an alternative framework that wasn’t run by the 2 superpowers. A conference was held, Bandung COnference, which discussed resolutions for colianism, therefore this movement was created. The effects of this is that often various states became more close with one superpower and tay member states tried to work together for stronger international institutions.
Kwame Nkrumah
Def: Was a Non- Alignment Leader that helped Ghana gain independence from Great Britain. Post war he was a very highly respected leader, he was a firm believer in Pan Africanism which expressed the idea of cultural unity as well as there to be a common identity among neighboring countries so they could be more united.
LO2,5- Negotiations with the United Nations helped Ghana gain the independence they wanted, the effects of this was that Kwame got lots of respect for helping them and later became their president. Kwame helped Ghana obtain there independence by implementing the idea of pan Africanism and talking with the united nations , which he was a part of, to help the gold coast (Ghana) be free from Britain rule.
Proxy Wars (Korean War and Angolan Civil War)
Def: The Korean prxy war was fougth to prevent communit North from taking over and spreading communism to south korea. The Northern territory was controlled by the USSR and the south was contrlled by the US and allies. The UN sent military to the north to stop them fro spreading wheras the USSR sent money to the northern korean people. The war ended in a stalemate and is still divided today. The Angolan Civil War was fought because there was a multiethnic empire ruling uner one colonial and they wanted independence. The USSR and Cuba assisted the Mbunda tribe and the US helped the Bankongo tribe and Africa helped the Ovibundu tribe. War broke out and after 27 years it ended in a cease fire.
LO3: The sovet union and the united states sought to maintain influence by helping out smaller countries n there wars such as the korean and angolan wars. It served as a way for them to make more alies, gain trust, and continue to be the two superpowers.
Communist Revolution in China
Def- In 1927 nationalists and communist were fighting over the control of China, however once Japanese invaded China, both sides agreed to fight japan. Once they defeated the Japanese, the Chinese Civil War continued, the communsits began to open new school s and hospitals, redistribute land to the peasants, and punish the soldiers that were treating civilians poorly, this led to them getting more popular support. Eventually, the communists defeated the nationalists which was good news to the people because they thought the Nationalists were corrupt. Mao Zedong, the communists leader, began to create 5 year plans like the soviet union did and applied heavy industry rather than consumer goods.
LO4- The cause of communism in China was that the communists defeated the nationalists and that the people liked the actions the communists were taking more. Eventually, the communism led to a cultural revolution led by Mao. This revolution made it so that the people that had critics for Mao were ignored and silenced so that his power would grow. He ordered red guards which sent government officials, teachers. and others to the countryside for reeducation. In reeducation there was hard physical labor as well as meetings that forced the people their to agree that they were not being revolutionary enough.
Great Leap Forward
Def: This was a time when peasant lands were organized so that the state owned the land rather than the public owners. Anyone who protested this new policy was sent to reeducation camps (hard physical labor) or killed. This caused food shortages as the harvests weren’t being taken care of before, Mao continued to export grain and show off that his economic plans were successful, although they obviously were not. 20 million Chinese died from starvation and the policy was eventually ditched.
LO4- People were tricked into thinking the communists and leader Mao Zedong would be a good influence on China. Originally they thought that the Nationalists were corrupt and the Communists were much better, however when they took rule there thoughts changed. Due to the Great Leap Forward 20 million Chinese people died. They were being starved to death while Mao was trying to convince the rest of the world that he was being successful.
Communist Revolution for Vietnamese Independence
Def: After the war japanese and france (occupied it) controlled vietnam, however Vietnam people wanted independence. Most of Vietnam’s land was only owned by a few people so when communists promised to take the land from big landowners and give it to the peasants, they got lots of support from the peasants. Communists took over in the north and had certain policies that sometimes were violent. However, the south was not as popular because they were slow to implement the land reform.
LO5: The cause of the communists taking over was that vietnam wanted independence from france and japan. The effects of communism were that new policies were put into place and violence increased.
Decolonization
Def: When countries break away from an overruling power and become independent. After WW2 there was a post war recession in Europe. Germany wanted to create one big empire and they colonized Europe, however Europe said that they couldn’t do that and wanted to become their own country. Countries inside of Europe then wanted to be there own country and it created a domino effect.
LO6: Ghana and Algeria had to completely different ways of decolonizing. Ghana became independent with their leader Kwame Nkrumah in a peaceful manner through pan africanism. HOwever, Algeria wanted their independence but they resorted to violence which started the Algerian war and caused many deaths.
Indian National Congress
Def: A movement and government for indians to gain self rule. They wanted to get rid of the british rule and gain independence which led them to participate in mass civil disobedience.
LO5: This type of government and movement was different compared to other tactics because they did everything in a nonviolent manner. For example, they did peaceful protests to express what they wanted whereas some groups such as Algeria went to war for independence and freedom.
Muslim League
Def: This was a separate nation for Indian muslims. This was a response to the Indian National congress´ struggle for independence from britain. Their leader thought that the regions of india with the population majority muslim should have a separate state, pakistan.
LO6- To help form a new nation for the India Muslim population in India they took away their agreement and plan with the Indian National Congress and went on strike. This was different from what the Indian NAtional COngress did because they had protests and boycotts that were peaceful.
Partition of India
Def: This divided India into two separate states, India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim). India’s population was far larger than Pakistan’s, and the divide caused tensions among both sides which lead to violence at the religious lines. 10 million Hindus and Sikhs fled to India and almost 500 thousand to 1 million people died during this time. Eventually, both sides created a compromise with each other, India became the largest democracy.
LO7: This led to present-day developments because due to this partition we now have India and Pakistan as separate states. Today a majority of Pakistan is Muslim and a majority of India is Hindu. Without this partition who knows if the country never would of divided and still would be one today.
Creation of Israel
Def: Zionists hoped that Palestine would split into two because that was where their ancestors who were Arabs had once lived but currently the ottoman empire had ruled. Also, in the new state jews would be able to be free from the persecution they were going through. The British government had promised the Arabs to be an independent state and thought they would rise up against the Ottomans but they didn’t. Britain eventually gave their power to the UN, the UN divided Palestine into Jewish and Arabs. The Jewish section became Isreal.
LO7- This led to territorial and demographic changes today because there is still Isreal today, although much of the land that was Palestine is now Israel.
Metropole
Def: This is a large city that was previously a colonial ruler such as London. Sometimes when people’s country gained independence, they would move to a former ruler. One example of this is when many refugees and immigrants from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh to London after WW2.
LO8: The economic change from the decolonization of these newly independent nations was that religions were now in a more concentrated area. For example, in Palestine and Isreal, the two religions were now separated. However, it also caused a lot of fo migration as people had the desire to move to these new places.
Mohandas Gandhi
Def: He was the leader of the Indian National Congress. He led the satyhra movement of civil disobedience, it influenced Indians to break unjust laws and t ogo to jail becuse he thought it would pont out the injustice of the Britsh system. He led nonviolent marches, boycotts, and fast to get rd of the british rule in INdia. One example of Gandhis campaign was the Salt march. He led thousands of Indians to the Arabian Sea to pick up a grain of salt because the british made it illegal for Indians to produce seasalt. They were successul because India became an independent state in 1947.
LO9- With all the protests that Gandhi led and all of his efforts to get rid of british rule, it payed off. It helped the birtish stop ruling india and them to become independent.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Def: This was an African America civil rights leader in the US. During the civil rights movement sourt decisions that were held such as the Brown v. Boaf of education of Topeka, Kansas. The court decision banned racial segregation of schools in the US. In addition, a boycott on public buses led to the ending of segregation in public transit. He also led marches for freedom and jobs. The civil rights movement was overall a hige success by all of the things it ended.
LO9: The reactions to all of his tactics for the civil rights movement was that discrimination decreased and people of color were given more rights.
