PALS

Question 1

infant HR

Answer 1

100-180

Question 2

infant sleep HR

Answer 2

90-160

Question 3

toddler HR

Answer 3

98-140

Question 4

toddler sleep HR

Answer 4

80-120

Question 5

prek HR

Answer 5

80-120

Question 6

prek sleep HR

Answer 6

65-100

Question 7

school aged child HR

Answer 7

75-118

Question 8

school aged child sleep HR

Answer 8

58-90

Question 9

adolescent sleep HR

Answer 9

50-90

Question 10

infant RR

Answer 10

30-53

Question 11

toddler RR

Answer 11

22-37

Question 12

prek RR

Answer 12

20-28

Question 13

school aged child RR

Answer 13

18-25

Question 14

infant normal BP

Answer 14

systolic 72-104
diastolic 37-56
MAP 50-62

Question 15

toddler normal BP

Answer 15

systolic 86-106
diastolic 42-63
MAP 49-62

Question 16

prek (3-5y/o) BP

Answer 16

systolic 89-112
diastolic 46-72
MAP 58-69

Question 17

school-aged child (6-9y/o) BP

Answer 17

systolic 97-115
diastolic 57-76
MAP 66-72

Question 18

preadolescent (10-12 Y/O) BP

Answer 18

systolic 102-120
diastolic 61-80
MAP 71-79

Question 19

adolescent (12-15 y/o) BP

Answer 19

systolic 110-131
diastolic 64-83
MAP 73-84

Question 20

S/S of septic shock

Answer 20

• AMS, irritability or decreased level of consciousness
• altered HR, typically tachycardia
• altered temp (fever or hypothermia)
• altered perfusion (prolonged or flash cap refill; cool or very warm extremities, plethoric appearance, mottled color or pallor, possible ecchymosis or purpura… decreased urine output)
• hypotension: may or may not be present

Question 21

initial stabilization of septic shock

Answer 21

abcs

Question 22

within first hour of septic shock

Answer 22

draw blood for culture and additional lab studies including glucose and calcium… do not delay antibiotic or fluids therapy

Question 23

if signs of shock persist after 40-60 mL/kg total fluid administration or evidence of fluid overload…

Answer 23

obtain critical care consultation
initiate and titrate epi or norepi

Question 24

adenosine

Answer 24

SVT

Question 25

albuterol

Answer 25

asthma
anaphylaxis (bronchospasm)
hyperkalemia

Question 26

amiodarone

Answer 26

SVT *with pulses
VT *with pulses
pulseless arrest ie VF/pulseless VT

Question 27

atropine sulfate

Answer 27

bradycardia (symptomatic)
toxins/OD (organophosphate,carbamate)

Question 28

calcium chloride

Answer 28

hypocalcemia
hyperkalemia
hypermagnesemia
CCB OD

Question 29

calcium gluconate

Answer 29

hypocalcemia
hyperkalemia
hypermagnesemia
CCB OD

Question 30

dexamethasone

Answer 30

croup
asthma

Question 31

dextrose

Answer 31

hypoglycemia

Question 32

epinephrine

Answer 32

pulseless arrest, bradycardia
hypotensive shock
anaphylaxis
asthma
croup

Question 33

etomidate

Answer 33

RSI

Question 34

hydrocortisone

Answer 34

adrenal insufficiency

Question 35

ipratropium bromide

Answer 35

ASTHMA

Question 36

Lidocaine

Answer 36

VF/pulseless VT
wide complex tachycardia, with pulses

Question 37

magnesium sulfate

Answer 37

asthma (refractory status asthmaticus)
torsades de pointes
hypomagnesemia

Question 38

methylprednisolone

Answer 38

asthma, status asthmaticus
anaphylactic shock

Question 39

milrinone

Answer 39

myocardial dysfunction and increased SVR/PVR

Question 40

naloxone

Answer 40

nacotic reversal

Question 41

nitroglycerine

Answer 41

heart failure
cardiogenic shock

Question 42

nitroprusside

Answer 42

cardiogenic shock (associated with high SVR)
severe hypertension

Question 43

norepinephrine

Answer 43

hypotensive (usually disruptive) shock (ie low SVR and fluid refractory)

Question 44

prostaglandin E

Answer 44

ductal dependent congenital heart disease

Question 45

sodium bicarb

Answer 45

metabolic acidosis (Severe)
hyperkalemia
sodium channel blocker OD (tricyclic antidepressant)

Question 46

vasopressin

Answer 46

catecholamine-resistant hypotension