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biomed 9! > pain physiology - transduction and transmission > Flashcards

pain physiology - transduction and transmission Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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2
Q

what is nociception

A

the neural process of encoding noxious stimuli `

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3
Q

what are examples of noxious stimuli

A

pressure
stretch
pinch
extreme temperature

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4
Q

what is transduction

A

free nerve endings of the PNS being stimulated to generate an action potential

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5
Q

what is transmission

A

transport of action potential from the PNS to the ANS

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6
Q

what are the three classifications of pain

A

nociceptive, nociplastic, neuropathic

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7
Q

what is nociceptive pain

A

pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non neural tissue (pain due to activation of nociceptors)

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8
Q

what is nociplastic pain

A

pain that arises from altered pain reception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of nociceptors

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9
Q

what is neuropathic pain

A

pain caused by lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system

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10
Q

radicular pain is an example of what kind of pain

A

neuropathic pain

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11
Q

what is radicular pain

A

pain caused by irritation of the sensory root or dorsal root ganglion of a spinal nerve.

this irritation causes ectopic nerve impulses perceived as pain in the distribution (dermatome) of the axon

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12
Q

what is allodynia

A

pain due to stimulus that should not provoke pain

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13
Q

what is hyperalgesia

A

increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

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14
Q

allodynia can be present when a patient is experiencing

A

severe swelling

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15
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain felt in a part away from the cause of the pain

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16
Q

what is sensitisation

A

increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input

a response to a stimuli that would normally be considered sub-threshold

17
Q

what is the classification of a first order neuron

A

unipolar

18
Q

what is the classification of a second and third order neuron

A

multipolar

19
Q

what is a nociceptor

A

free nerve endings (dendrites)

20
Q

what stimuli do nociceptors respond to

A

mechanical - excessive pressure, stretch, pinch, sharp pricking
chemical - inflammatory mediators (h+) (protons)
thermal - extreme heat or cold

21
Q

what determines the speed of action potential

A

axon diameter
degree of myelination

22
Q

A delta type nerve fibres are responsible for transmitting

A

fast sharp and local pain

23
Q

C type nerve fibres are responsible for transmitting

A

slow dull achey pain

24
Q

are c type nerve fibres myelinated

A

no

25
Q

are a delta nerve fibres myelinated

A

yes

26
Q

what is the myelin sheath made up of in the PNS

A

schwann cells

27
Q

the indentations in the myelin sheath are called

A

node of ranvier

28
Q

what is the purpose of the nodes of ranvier

A

they allow for specialised ion exchange

29
Q

between laminae in the dorsal horn there are

A

vast interconnections between laminae 1-7

30
Q

the first order neuron is located in?

A

the dorsal root ganglion (input from body)

trigeminal ganglia (input from face)

31
Q

the second order neuron is located in

A

the dorsal horn

32
Q

where to neurons communicate

A

at chemical synapses using neurotransmitters

33
Q

at the synaptic cleft, voltage cannot be transferred across the gap, what helps to bridge this gap

A

neurotransmitters

34
Q

describe neuronal communication

A

neurons communicate at chemical synapses using neurotransmitters

binding of these neurotransmitters to the post synaptic neuron drives ionic flow - this initiates a post synaptic potential (a change in the electrical charge)

post synaptic potentials can either be excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

35
Q

EPSPs will summate to reach the threshold and then

A

the neuron will fire

biomed 9! (4 decks)

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