Pain: March 2-4 2022 Flashcards
difficult concept to define because it is experienced uniquely. It is important to remember that it is subjective (experienced by the person), not objective (able to be determined by observation).
Pain
it was believed that infants do not feel pain because of
incomplete myelinization of peripheral nerves.
are all cues of infant to reveal discomfort
diffuse body movement; tears; a high-pitched, sharp, harsh cry; stiff posture; lack of play; and fisting
are all cues of infant to reveal discomfort
diffuse body movement; tears; a high-pitched, sharp, harsh cry; stiff posture; lack of play; and fisting
Frequency of assessing of pain :
Minimum of every 4 hrs
Before and after the treatment of pain
Preschool children begin to use comforting mechanisms to control
or express pain such as:
gritting teeth pressing a hand against a forehead pulling on their ear holding their throat rubbing an arm grimacing
what age?be less able to express their pain than girls of the same age.
8 to 11 years
LQID pain hx
Location
Quality
Intensity
Duration
PQRST approach in pain hx
Provokes Quality Region and radiation Severity Time
pain in children occurs for four reasons:
reduced oxygen in tissues from impaired circulation, pressure on tissue, external injury, or overstretching of body cavities with fluid or air.
Pain conduction consists of four major steps:
transduction (sensing the pain sensation),
transmission (routing the pain sensation to the spinal cord),
perception (the brain interprets the sensation as pain)
modulation (steps taken to relive pain)
begins in the peripheral nerves when a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus activates nociceptors, a specialized group of sensory receptors.
Transduction
Sharp pain impulses are conducted by both
A-alpha and A-beta fibers
When pain is felt the pituitary and hypothalamus glands attempt to modify pain by releasing
endorphins or polypeptide compounds that simulate opiates in their ability to produce analgesia
sharp pain. It generally occurs abruptly after an injury. Paper cuts are examples of lacerations that cause acute pain.
Acute pain
ain that lasts for a prolonged period (often defined as 6 months). Acute pain usually causes extreme distress and anxiety; chronic pain can lead to depression and less ability to achieve (
Chronic pain
pain that arises from superficial structures such as the skin and mucous membrane. A paper cut is an example.
Cutaneous pain
pain that originates from deep body structures such as muscles or blood vessels. The pain of a sprained ankle is
Somatic pain
pain that is perceived at a site distant from its point of origin. Right lower lobe pneumonia, for example, is often first thought to be abdominal pain because the pain of this is referred to the abdomen.
Referred pain
attempts to explain how pain impulses travel from a site of injury to the brain, where the impulse is actually registered as pain.
he gate control theory of pain
Gating mechanisms can be stimulated by three techniques:
Cutaneous stimulation, distraction, and anxiety reduction.
has an effect because when the peripheral nerves next to an injury site are stimulated, the ability of the A-delta or C-fiber nerves at the injury site
Cutaneous stimulation
allows the cells of the brainstem that register an impulse as pain to be preoccupied with other stimuli so a pain impulse cannot register.
Distraction
