Pain And Opioids

Question 1

s an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that serves
to alert an individual to actual or potential tissue damage.

Answer 1

Pain

Question 2

damage can be caused by exposure to noxious stimuli (chemical,
mechanical, thermal, pathologic process).

Answer 2

Pain

Question 3

2 Nociceptive Pain

Answer 3

Somatic Pain
Visceral Pain

Question 4

Pain that is located in Radiating or specific

Answer 4

Neuropathic Pain

Question 5

Examples of visceral pain

Answer 5

• Colic spasm
• Appendicitis
• Kidney stones
• Angina
• Menstrual cramps

Question 6

Examples of somatic pain

Answer 6

Arthritis
• Superficial laceration
& burns
• IM injection
• Otitis media
• Stomatitis
• Extensive abrasion

Question 7

Examples of Neuropathic Pain

Answer 7

Trigeminal neuralgia
• Peripheral neuropathies
• Postherpetic neuralgia

Question 8

Pain pathway that Activation of nociceptors sends pain signal (through the afferent
neuron and spinal cord) to the sensory cortex of the brain.

Answer 8

Ascending pain

Question 9

)alerts the individual of the
presence and anatomic location of the pain.

Answer 9

Cerebral cortex (sensory discriminative

Question 10

processes experience of
discomfort, suffering, and other emotional reactions to pain.

Answer 10

Limbic cortex (motivational affective)

Question 11

Release of 5HT and NE in the spinal cord, which are both NTs
hypothesized to inhibit the neurotransmission of pain impulse.

Answer 11

Descending inhibitory

Question 12

Activation of this endogenous opioid that decreases release of pain transmission upon binding to opioid
receptors upon of endogenous opioid peptide

Answer 12

Met enkephalin

Question 13

Endogenous Opioid Peptides

Answer 13

Enkephalins
- Met-enkephalin,
- leu-enkephalin
▪ β-endorphins
▪ Dynorphins

Question 14

Opioid Receptors

Answer 14

▪ µ (mu)
▪ δ (delta)
▪ κ (kappa)

Question 15

OPIOIDS
Chapter 2:
MECHANISM OF ACTION
→

Answer 15

Activation of opioid receptors leads to the inhibition of
Adenylyl Cyclase thereby reducing concentration of cAMP.

Question 16

OPIOIDS effect in CNS

Answer 16

Analgesia and inhibition of cough reflex

Question 17

Cardiovascular opioid effect

Answer 17

Vasodilation

Question 18

Gastrointestinal opioids effect

Answer 18

Constipation

Question 19

Genitourinary opioid effect

Answer 19

Urinary retention

Question 20

Neuroendocrine opioid effect

Answer 20

ADH release stimulation
▪ Prolactin release stimulation
▪ LH release inhibition

Question 21

Other effects of opioid

Answer 21

Can suppress the activity of certain types of lymphocytes

Question 22

primarily a result of the down-
regulation of the opioid receptors due to the
chronic use of opioids.

Answer 22

Tolerance

Question 23

What is the tolerance between full and moderate
agonists is possible

Answer 23

Cross tolerance

Question 24

Physiological state in which a person’s continued
use of a drug is required for the individual’s well-
being.

Answer 24

Physical dependence

Question 25

Abrupt discontinuation upon chronic use.

Answer 25

Withdrawal

Question 26

Adverse Effects of opioids

Answer 26

Respiratory depression (usually the cause of death).
• Increased ICP (should not be used to patients who suffered from closed-head injury).
• N & V (due to CTZ stimulation).
• Hypersensitivity reactions (no cross-allergic reactions between opioids).

Question 27

Aka full agonists of µ (mu) receptors.

Answer 27

Strong Opioid Agonists

Question 28

Produces full response or activity. Relieve severe pain at maximal doses.

Answer 28

Strong opioid agonist

Question 29

Principal alkaloid from opium poppy.

Answer 29

Morphine